Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Last updated
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Transcranial magnetic stimulation.jpg
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
(schematic diagram)
Specialty Psychiatry, neurology
MeSH D050781

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive form of brain stimulation in which a changing magnetic field is used to induce an electric current at a specific area of the brain through electromagnetic induction. An electric pulse generator, or stimulator, is connected to a magnetic coil connected to the scalp. The stimulator generates a changing electric current within the coil which creates a varying magnetic field, inducing a current within a region in the brain itself. [1] : 3  [2]

Contents

TMS has shown diagnostic and therapeutic potential in the central nervous system with a wide variety of disease states in neurology and mental health, with research still evolving. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]

Adverse effects of TMS appear rare and include fainting and seizure. [12] Other potential issues include discomfort, pain, hypomania, cognitive change, hearing loss, and inadvertent current induction in implanted devices such as pacemakers or defibrillators. [12]

Medical uses

A magnetic coil is positioned on the patient's head. Neuro-ms.png
A magnetic coil is positioned on the patient's head.

TMS does not require surgery or electrode implantation.

Its use can be diagnostic and/or therapeutic. Effects vary based on frequency and intensity of the magnetic pulses as well as the length of treatment, which dictates the total number of pulses given. [14] TMS treatments are approved by the FDA in the US and by NICE in the UK for the treatment of depression and are predominantly provided by private clinics. TMS stimulates cortical tissue without the pain sensations produced in transcranial electrical stimulation. [15]

Diagnosis

TMS can be used clinically to measure activity and function of specific brain circuits in humans, most commonly with single or paired magnetic pulses. [3] The most widely accepted use is in measuring the connection between the primary motor cortex of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system to evaluate damage related to past or progressive neurologic insult. [3] [16] [17] [18] TMS has utility as a diagnostic instrument for myelopathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. [19]

Treatment

Repetitive high frequency TMS (rTMS) has been investigated as a possible treatment option with various degrees of success in conditions including [19] [20]

Adverse effects

Although TMS is generally regarded as safe, risks are increased for therapeutic rTMS compared to single or paired diagnostic TMS. [21] Adverse effects generally increase with higher frequency stimulation. [12]

The greatest immediate risk from TMS is fainting, though this is uncommon. Seizures have been reported, but are rare. [12] [22] [23] Other adverse effects include short term discomfort, pain, brief episodes of hypomania, cognitive change, hearing loss, impaired working memory, and the induction of electrical currents in implanted devices such as cardiac pacemakers. [12]

Procedure

During the procedure, a magnetic coil is positioned at the head of the person receiving the treatment using anatomical landmarks on the skull, in particular the inion and nasion. [13] The coil is then connected to a pulse generator, or stimulator, that delivers electric current to the coil. [2]

Physics

TMS focal field.png
TMS - butterfly coils TMS Butterfly Coil HEAD.png
TMS – butterfly coils

TMS uses electromagnetic induction to generate an electric current across the scalp and skull. [24] [25] A plastic-enclosed coil of wire is held next to the skull and when activated, produces a varying magnetic field oriented orthogonally to the plane of the coil. The changing magnetic field then induces an electric current in the brain that activates nearby nerve cells in a manner similar to a current applied superficially at the cortical surface. [26]

The magnetic field is about the same strength as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and the pulse generally reaches no more than 5 centimeters into the brain unless using a modified coil and technique for deeper stimulation. [25]

Transcranial magnetic stimulation is achieved by quickly discharging current from a large capacitor into a coil to produce pulsed magnetic fields between 2 and 3 teslas in strength. [27] Directing the magnetic field pulse at a targeted area in the brain causes a localized electrical current which can then either depolarize or hyperpolarize neurons at that site. The induced electric field inside the brain tissue causes a change in transmembrane potentials resulting in depolarization or hyperpolarization of neurons, causing them to be more or less excitable, respectively. [27]

TMS usually stimulates to a depth from 2 to 4 cm below the surface, depending on the coil and intensity used. Consequently, only superficial brain areas can be affected. [28] Deep TMS can reach up to 6 cm into the brain to stimulate deeper layers of the motor cortex, such as that which controls leg motion. The path of this current can be difficult to model because the brain is irregularly shaped with variable internal density and water content, leading to a nonuniform magnetic field strength and conduction throughout its tissues. [29]

Frequency and duration

The effects of TMS can be divided based on frequency, duration and intensity (amplitude) of stimulation: [30]

Coil types

Most devices use a coil shaped like a figure-eight to deliver a shallow magnetic field that affects more superficial neurons in the brain. [9] Differences in magnetic coil design are considered when comparing results, with important elements including the type of material, geometry and specific characteristics of the associated magnetic pulse.

The core material may be either a magnetically inert substrate ('air core'), or a solid, ferromagnetically active material ('solid core'). Solid cores result in more efficient transfer of electrical energy to a magnetic field and reduce energy loss to heat, and so can be operated with the higher volume of therapy protocols without interruption due to overheating. Varying the geometric shape of the coil itself can cause variations in focality, shape, and depth of penetration. Differences in coil material and its power supply also affect magnetic pulse width and duration. [35]

A number of different types of coils exist, each of which produce different magnetic fields. The round coil is the original used in TMS. Later, the figure-eight (butterfly) coil was developed to provide a more focal pattern of activation in the brain, and the four-leaf coil for focal stimulation of peripheral nerves. The double-cone coil conforms more to the shape of the head. [36] The Hesed (H-core), circular crown and double cone coils allow more widespread activation and a deeper magnetic penetration. They are supposed to impact deeper areas in the motor cortex and cerebellum controlling the legs and pelvic floor, for example, though the increased depth comes at the cost of a less focused magnetic pulse. [12]

History

Luigi Galvani (1737–1798) undertook research on the effects of electricity on the body in the late-eighteenth century and laid the foundations for the field of electrophysiology. [37] In the 1830s Michael Faraday (1791–1867) discovered that an electrical current had a corresponding magnetic field, and that changing one could induce its counterpart. [38]

Work to directly stimulate the human brain with electricity started in the late 1800s, and by the 1930s the Italian physicians Cerletti and Bini had developed electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). [37] ECT became widely used to treat mental illness, and ultimately overused, as it began to be seen as a panacea. This led to a backlash in the 1970s. [37]

In 1980 Merton and Morton successfully used transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) to stimulate the motor cortex. However, this process was very uncomfortable, and subsequently Anthony T. Barker began to search for an alternative to TES. [39] He began exploring the use of magnetic fields to alter electrical signaling within the brain, and the first stable TMS devices were developed in 1985. [37] [38] They were originally intended as diagnostic and research devices, with evaluation of their therapeutic potential being a later development. [37] [38] The United States' FDA first approved TMS devices in October 2008. [37]

Research

TMS has shown potential therapeutic effect on neurologic conditions such as mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease, [4] amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, [4] [40] persistent vegetative states, [4] epilepsy, [4] [41] stroke related disability, [4] [12] [17] [18] [42] [43] tinnitus, [4] [44] multiple sclerosis, [4] schizophrenia, [4] [10] and traumatic brain injury. [45]

With Parkinson's disease, early results suggest that low frequency stimulation may have an effect on medication associated dyskinesia, and that high frequency stimulation improves motor function. [46] [47] The most effective treatment protocols appear to involve high frequency stimulation of the motor cortex, particularly on the dominant side, [48] but with more variable results for treatment of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. [49] It is less effective than electroconvulsive therapy for motor symptoms, though both appear to have utility. [50] [51] [52] Cerebellar stimulation has also shown potential for the treatment of levodopa associated dyskinesia. [53]

In psychiatry, it has shown potential with anxiety disorders, including panic disorder [54] and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). [4] The most promising areas to target for OCD appear to be the orbitofrontal cortex and the supplementary motor area. [55] Older protocols that targeted the prefrontal dorsal cortex were less successful. [56] It has also been studied with autism, [57] substance abuse, [4] addiction, [4] [58] [59] and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). [4] For treatment-resistant major depressive disorder, high-frequency (HF) rTMS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) appears effective and low-frequency (LF) rTMS of the right DLPFC has probable efficacy. [4] [5] [7] [8] [9] Research on the efficacy of rTMS in non-treatment-resistant depression is limited. [60]

TMS can also be used to map functional connectivity between the cerebellum and other areas of the brain. [61]

A study on alternative Alzheimer's treatments at the Wahrendorff Clinic in Germany in 2021 [62] reported that 84% of participants in the study have experienced positive effects after using the treatment.

Under the supervision of Professor Marc Ziegenbein, a psychiatry and psychotherapy specialist, the study of 77 subjects with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease received frequent transcranial magnetic stimulation applications and observed over a period of time.

Improvements were mainly found in the areas of orientation in the environment, concentration, general well-being and satisfaction.

Study blinding

Mimicking the physical discomfort of TMS with placebo to discern its true effect is a challenging issue in research. [4] [12] [63] [64] It is difficult to establish a convincing placebo for TMS during controlled trials in conscious individuals due to the neck pain, headache and twitching in the scalp or upper face associated with the intervention. [4] [12] In addition, placebo manipulations can affect brain sugar metabolism and MEPs, which may confound results. [65] This problem is exacerbated when using subjective measures of improvement. [12] Placebo responses in trials of rTMS in major depression are negatively associated with refractoriness to treatment. [66]

A 2011 review found that most studies did not report unblinding. In the minority that did, participants in real and sham rTMS groups were not significantly different in their ability to correctly guess their therapy, though there was a trend for participants in the real group to more often guess correctly. [67]

Animal model limitations

TMS research in animal studies is limited due to its early US Food and Drug Administration approval for treatment-resistant depression, limiting development of animal specific magnetic coils. [68]

Treatments for the general public

Regulatory approvals

Neurosurgery planning

Nexstim obtained United States Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act§Section 510(k) clearance for the assessment of the primary motor cortex for pre-procedural planning in December 2009 [69] and for neurosurgical planning in June 2011. [70]

Depression

The National Institutes of Health estimates depression medications work for 60 percent to 70 percent of people who take them. [71] [72] TMS is approved as a Class II medical device under the "de novo pathway". [73] [74] In addition, the World Health Organization reports that the number of people living with depression has increased nearly 20 percent since 2005. [75] In a 2012 study, TMS was found to improve depression significantly in 58 percent of patients and provide complete remission of symptoms in 37 percent of patients. [76] In 2002, Cochrane Library reviewed randomized controlled trials using TMS to treat depression. The review did not find a difference between rTMS and sham TMS, except for a period 2 weeks after treatment. [77] In 2018, Cochrane Library stated a plan to contact authors about updating the review of rTMS for depression. [78]

Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD)

In August 2018, the US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) authorized the use of TMS developed by the Israeli company Brainsway in the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). [79]

In 2020, US FDA authorized the use of TMS developed by the U.S. company MagVenture Inc. in the treatment of OCD. [80]

In 2023, US FDA authorized the use of TMS developed by the U.S. company Neuronetics Inc. in the treatment of OCD. [81]

Other neurological areas

In the European Economic Area, various versions of Deep TMS H-coils have CE marking for Alzheimer's disease, [82] autism, [82] bipolar disorder, [83] epilepsy, [84] chronic pain, [83] major depressive disorder, [83] Parkinson's disease, [48] [85] post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), [83] [86] schizophrenia (negative symptoms) [83] and to aid smoking cessation. [82] One review found tentative benefit for cognitive enhancement in healthy people. [87]

Coverage by health services and insurers

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) issues guidance to the National Health Service (NHS) in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland (UK). NICE guidance does not cover whether or not the NHS should fund a procedure. Local NHS bodies (primary care trusts and hospital trusts) make decisions about funding after considering the clinical effectiveness of the procedure and whether the procedure represents value for money for the NHS. [88]

NICE evaluated TMS for severe depression (IPG 242) in 2007, and subsequently considered TMS for reassessment in January 2011 but did not change its evaluation. [89] The Institute found that TMS is safe, but there is insufficient evidence for its efficacy. [89]

In January 2014, NICE reported the results of an evaluation of TMS for treating and preventing migraine (IPG 477). NICE found that short-term TMS is safe but there is insufficient evidence to evaluate safety for long-term and frequent uses. It found that evidence on the efficacy of TMS for the treatment of migraine is limited in quantity, that evidence for the prevention of migraine is limited in both quality and quantity. [90]

Subsequently, in 2015, NICE approved the use of TMS for the treatment of depression in the UK and IPG542 replaced IPG242. [91] NICE said "The evidence on repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression shows no major safety concerns. The evidence on its efficacy in the short-term is adequate, although the clinical response is variable. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression may be used with normal arrangements for clinical governance and audit."

United States: commercial health insurance

In 2013, several commercial health insurance plans in the United States, including Anthem, Health Net, and Blue Cross Blue Shield of Nebraska and of Rhode Island, covered TMS for the treatment of depression for the first time. [92] [93] [94] [95] In contrast, UnitedHealthcare issued a medical policy for TMS in 2013 that stated there is insufficient evidence that the procedure is beneficial for health outcomes in patients with depression. UnitedHealthcare noted that methodological concerns raised about the scientific evidence studying TMS for depression include small sample size, lack of a validated sham comparison in randomized controlled studies, and variable uses of outcome measures. [96] Other commercial insurance plans whose 2013 medical coverage policies stated that the role of TMS in the treatment of depression and other disorders had not been clearly established or remained investigational included Aetna, Cigna and Regence. [97] [98] [99]

United States: Medicare

Policies for Medicare coverage vary among local jurisdictions within the Medicare system, [100] and Medicare coverage for TMS has varied among jurisdictions and with time. For example:

  • In early 2012 in New England, Medicare covered TMS for the first time in the United States. [101] [102] [103] [104] However, that jurisdiction later decided to end coverage after October, 2013. [105]
  • In August 2012, the jurisdiction covering Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Colorado, Texas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico determined that there was insufficient evidence to cover the treatment, [106] but the same jurisdiction subsequently determined that Medicare would cover TMS for the treatment of depression after December 2013. [107]
  • Subsequently,[ when? ] some other Medicare jurisdictions added Medicare coverage for depression.[ citation needed ]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phosphene</span> Visual illusion

A phosphene is the phenomenon of seeing light without light entering the eye. The word phosphene comes from the Greek words phos (light) and phainein. Phosphenes that are induced by movement or sound may be associated with optic neuritis.

Neurotechnology encompasses any method or electronic device which interfaces with the nervous system to monitor or modulate neural activity.

Neurohacking is a subclass of biohacking, focused specifically on the brain. Neurohackers seek to better themselves or others by “hacking the brain” to improve reflexes, learn faster, or treat psychological disorders. The modern neurohacking movement has been around since the 1980s. However, herbal supplements have been used to increase brain function for hundreds of years. After a brief period marked by a lack of research in the area, neurohacking started regaining interest in the early 2000s. Currently, most neurohacking is performed via do-it-yourself (DIY) methods by in-home users.

Bioelectromagnetics, also known as bioelectromagnetism, is the study of the interaction between electromagnetic fields and biological entities. Areas of study include electromagnetic fields produced by living cells, tissues or organisms, the effects of man-made sources of electromagnetic fields like mobile phones, and the application of electromagnetic radiation toward therapies for the treatment of various conditions.

Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a term used in psychiatry to describe people with major depressive disorder (MDD) who do not respond adequately to a course of appropriate antidepressant medication within a certain time. Definitions of treatment-resistant depression vary, and they do not include a resistance to psychotherapy. Inadequate response has most commonly been defined as less than 50% reduction in depressive symptoms following treatment with at least one antidepressant medication, although definitions vary widely. Some other factors that may contribute to inadequate treatment are: a history of repeated or severe adverse childhood experiences, early discontinuation of treatment, insufficient dosage of medication, patient noncompliance, misdiagnosis, cognitive impairment, low income and other socio-economic variables, and concurrent medical conditions, including comorbid psychiatric disorders. Cases of treatment-resistant depression may also be referred to by which medications people with treatment-resistant depression are resistant to. In treatment-resistant depression adding further treatments such as psychotherapy, lithium, or aripiprazole is weakly supported as of 2019.

Cerebellar ataxia is a form of ataxia originating in the cerebellum. Non-progressive congenital ataxia (NPCA) is a classical presentation of cerebral ataxias.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transcranial direct-current stimulation</span> Technique of brain electric stimulation therapy

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a form of neuromodulation that uses constant, low direct current delivered via electrodes on the head. It was originally developed to help patients with brain injuries or neuropsychiatric conditions such as major depressive disorder. It can be contrasted with cranial electrotherapy stimulation, which generally uses alternating current the same way, as well as transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Subcortical ischemic depression, also known as vascular depression, is a medical condition most commonly seen in older people with major depressive disorder. Subcortical ischemic depression refers to vascular depression specifically due to lesions and restricted blood flow, known as ischemia, in certain parts of the brain. However, the disorder is typically described as vascular depression in the literature.

Magnetic seizure therapy (MST) is a proposed form of electrotherapy and electrical brain stimulation. It is currently being investigated for the treatment of major depressive disorder, treatment-resistant depression (TRD), bipolar depression, schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder. MST is stated to work by inducing seizures via magnetic fields, in contrast to ECT which does so using alternating electric currents. Additionally, MST works in a more concentrated fashion than ECT, thus able to create a seizure with less of a total electric charge. In contrast to (r)TMS, the stimulation rates are higher resulting in more energy transfer. Currently it is thought that MST works in patients with major depressive disorder by activating the connection between the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex and the parietal cortex.

Neurostimulation is the purposeful modulation of the nervous system's activity using invasive or non-invasive means. Neurostimulation usually refers to the electromagnetic approaches to neuromodulation.

Cortical stimulation mapping (CSM) is a type of electrocorticography that involves a physically invasive procedure and aims to localize the function of specific brain regions through direct electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex. It remains one of the earliest methods of analyzing the brain and has allowed researchers to study the relationship between cortical structure and systemic function. Cortical stimulation mapping is used for a number of clinical and therapeutic applications, and remains the preferred method for the pre-surgical mapping of the motor cortex and language areas to prevent unnecessary functional damage. There are also some clinical applications for cortical stimulation mapping, such as the treatment of epilepsy.

The temporal dynamics of music and language describes how the brain coordinates its different regions to process musical and vocal sounds. Both music and language feature rhythmic and melodic structure. Both employ a finite set of basic elements that are combined in ordered ways to create complete musical or lingual ideas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Resting state fMRI</span> Type of functional magnetic resonance imaging

Resting state fMRI is a method of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that is used in brain mapping to evaluate regional interactions that occur in a resting or task-negative state, when an explicit task is not being performed. A number of resting-state brain networks have been identified, one of which is the default mode network. These brain networks are observed through changes in blood flow in the brain which creates what is referred to as a blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal that can be measured using fMRI.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brainsway</span>

BrainsWay Ltd. is an international company that is engaged in the development of a medical device that uses H-coil for deep transcranial magnetic stimulation as a non-invasive treatment for depression, OCD, and smoking addiction. The company was founded in 2003 and has offices in the US and Jerusalem.

Gait variability seen in Parkinson's Disorders arise due to cortical changes induced by pathophysiology of the disease process. Gait rehabilitation is focused to harness the adapted connections involved actively to control these variations during the disease progression. Gait variabilities seen are attributed to the defective inputs from the Basal Ganglia. However, there is altered activation of other cortical areas that support the deficient control to bring about a movement and maintain some functional mobility.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abraham Zangen</span> Israeli researcher

Abraham Zangen is an Israeli professor of neuroscience, head of the brain stimulation and behavior lab and chair of the psychobiology brain program at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU).

Non-invasive cerebellar stimulation is the application of non-invasive neurostimulation techniques on the cerebellum to modify its electrical activity. Techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) or transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can be used. The cerebellum is a high potential target for neuromodulation of neurological and psychiatric disorders due to the high density of neurons in its superficial layer, its electrical properties, and its participation in numerous closed-loop circuits involved in motor, cognitive, and emotional functions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Friedhelm Hummel</span> German neuroscientist and neurologist

Friedhelm Christoph Hummel is a German neuroscientist and neurologist. A full professor at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, he is the Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, and the head of the Hummel Laboratory at EPFL's School of Life Sciences. He also is an associate professor of clinical neuroscience at the University of Geneva.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alberto Priori</span> Italian neurologist

Alberto Priori is an Italian neurologist, academic, and author. He is a Professor of Neurology at the University of Milan, Director of Neurology 1 Unit at San Paolo Hospital, and the Founder and Coordinator of Aldo Ravelli Center of the University of Milan. He also serves as President of the Neurophysiopatology Techniques Course, and Professor of Postgraduate Schools - Medicine, Healthcare, Dental Medicine at the same University.

Raffaele Nardone is an Italian medical doctor, neurologist, and neuroscientist, known for his contributions in the field of clinical neurophysiology. He is the chair of the Department of Neurology at the Franz Tappeiner Hospital in Merano, Italy.

References

  1. ↑ NICE. January 2014 Transcranial magnetic stimulation for treating and preventing migraine
  2. 1 2 Michael Craig Miller for Harvard Health Publications. July 26, 2012 Magnetic stimulation: a new approach to treating depression?
  3. 1 2 3 Groppa S, Oliviero A, Eisen A, Quartarone A, Cohen LG, Mall V, et al. (May 2012). "A practical guide to diagnostic transcranial magnetic stimulation: report of an IFCN committee". Clinical Neurophysiology. 123 (5): 858–882. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2012.01.010. PMC   4890546 . PMID   22349304.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Lefaucheur JP, André-Obadia N, Antal A, Ayache SS, Baeken C, Benninger DH, et al. (November 2014). "Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)" (PDF). Clinical Neurophysiology. 125 (11): 2150–2206. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2014.05.021. PMID   25034472. S2CID   206798663.
  5. 1 2 George, Mark S.; Post, Robert M. (April 2011). "Daily Left Prefrontal Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Acute Treatment of Medication-Resistant Depression". American Journal of Psychiatry. 168 (4): 356–364. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10060864. PMID   21474597.
  6. ↑ Gaynes, Bradley N.; Lux, Linda J.; Lloyd, Stacey W.; Hansen, Richard A.; Gartlehner, Gerald; Keener, Patricia; Brode, Shannon; Evans, Tammeka Swinson; Jonas, Dan; Crotty, Karen; Viswanathan, Meera; Lohr, Kathleen N. (2011). Nonpharmacologic Interventions for Treatment-Resistant Depression in Adults. AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. PMID   22091472.
  7. 1 2 Berlim, Marcelo T; Van den Eynde, Frederique; Jeff Daskalakis, Z (19 November 2012). "Clinically Meaningful Efficacy and Acceptability of Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) for Treating Primary Major Depression: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Double-Blind and Sham-Controlled Trials". Neuropsychopharmacology. 38 (4): 543–551. doi:10.1038/npp.2012.237. PMC   3572468 . PMID   23249815.
  8. 1 2 Perera, Tarique; George, Mark; Grammer, Geoffrey; Janicak, Philip; Pascual-Leone, Alvaro; Wirecki, Theodore (April 27, 2015). TMS Therapy For Major Depressive Disorder: Evidence Review and Treatment Recommendations for Clinical Practice (PDF) (Report).
  9. 1 2 3 Bersani, F.S.; Minichino, A.; Enticott, P.G.; Mazzarini, L.; Khan, N.; Antonacci, G.; Raccah, R.N.; Salviati, M.; Delle Chiaie, R.; Bersani, G.; Fitzgerald, P.B.; Biondi, M. (January 2013). "Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation as a treatment for psychiatric disorders: A comprehensive review". European Psychiatry. 28 (1): 30–39. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2012.02.006. PMID   22559998. S2CID   29053871.
  10. 1 2 Dougall N, Maayan N, Soares-Weiser K, McDermott LM, McIntosh A (August 2015). "Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for schizophrenia" (PDF). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (8): CD006081. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006081.pub2. hdl: 1893/22520 . PMC   9395125 . PMID   26289586.
  11. ↑ "Pupil response may shed light on who responds best to transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression". www.uclahealth.org. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Rossi; et al. (January 2021). "Safety and recommendations for TMS use in healthy subjects and patient populations, with updates on training, ethical and regulatory issues: Expert Guidelines". Clinical Neurophysiology. 132 (1): 269–306. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2020.10.003. PMC   9094636 . PMID   33243615. S2CID   225049093.
  13. 1 2 Nauczyciel C, Hellier P, Morandi X, Blestel S, Drapier D, Ferre JC, et al. (April 2011). "Assessment of standard coil positioning in transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression". Psychiatry Research. 186 (2–3): 232–238. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.06.012. PMID   20692709. S2CID   25100990.
  14. ↑ Klomjai, Wanalee; Katz, Rose; Lackmy-Vallée, Alexandra (2015-09-01). "Basic principles of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and repetitive TMS (rTMS)". Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 58 (4): 208–213. doi: 10.1016/j.rehab.2015.05.005 . ISSN   1877-0657. PMID   26319963.
  15. ↑ Lefaucher, Jean-Pascal (2019). "37". Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Elsevier. pp. 559–580. ISBN   9780444640321 . Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  16. ↑ Rossini PM, Rossi S (February 2007). "Transcranial magnetic stimulation: diagnostic, therapeutic, and research potential". Neurology. 68 (7): 484–488. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000250268.13789.b2. PMID   17296913. S2CID   19629888.
  17. 1 2 Dimyan MA, Cohen LG (February 2010). "Contribution of transcranial magnetic stimulation to the understanding of functional recovery mechanisms after stroke". Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 24 (2): 125–135. doi:10.1177/1545968309345270. PMC   2945387 . PMID   19767591.
  18. 1 2 Nowak DA, Bösl K, Podubeckà J, Carey JR (2010). "Noninvasive brain stimulation and motor recovery after stroke". Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience. 28 (4): 531–544. doi:10.3233/RNN-2010-0552. PMID   20714076.
  19. 1 2 Chen, Robert; Cros, Didier; Curra, Antonio; Di Lazzaro, Vincenzo; Lefaucheur, Jean-Pascal; Magistris, Michel R.; Mills, Kerry; Rösler, Kai M.; Triggs, William J.; Ugawa, Yoshikazu; Ziemann, Ulf (March 2008). "The clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation: Report of an IFCN committee". Clinical Neurophysiology. 119 (3): 504–532. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.10.014.
  20. ↑ Lefaucheur, Jean-Pascal; André-Obadia, Nathalie; Antal, Andrea; Ayache, Samar S.; Baeken, Chris; Benninger, David H.; Cantello, Roberto M.; Cincotta, Massimo; de Carvalho, Mamede; De Ridder, Dirk; Devanne, Hervé; Di Lazzaro, Vincenzo; Filipović, Saša R.; Hummel, Friedhelm C.; Jääskeläinen, Satu K. (November 2014). "Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)". Clinical Neurophysiology. 125 (11): 2150–2206. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2014.05.021. ISSN   1388-2457.
  21. ↑ van den Noort M, Lim S, Bosch P (December 2014). "Recognizing the risks of brain stimulation". Science. 346 (6215): 1307. doi:10.1126/science.346.6215.1307-a. PMID   25504707.
  22. ↑ Dobek CE, Blumberger DM, Downar J, Daskalakis ZJ, Vila-Rodriguez F (2015). "Risk of seizures in transcranial magnetic stimulation: a clinical review to inform consent process focused on bupropion". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 11: 2975–2987. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S91126 . PMC   4670017 . PMID   26664122.
  23. ↑ Fitzgerald PB, Daskalakis ZJ (2013). "7. rTMS-Associated Adverse Events". Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Depressive Disorders. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 81–90. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-36467-9. ISBN   978-3-642-36466-2.
  24. ↑ Cavaleri R, Schabrun SM, Chipchase LS (March 2017). "The number of stimuli required to reliably assess corticomotor excitability and primary motor cortical representations using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): a systematic review and meta-analysis". Systematic Reviews. 6 (1): 48. doi: 10.1186/s13643-017-0440-8 . PMC   5340029 . PMID   28264713.
  25. 1 2 "Brain Stimulation Therapies". NIMH.
  26. ↑ Cacioppo JT, Tassinary LG, Berntson GG, eds. (2007). Handbook of psychophysiology (3rd ed.). New York: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 121. ISBN   978-0-521-84471-0.
  27. 1 2 V. Walsh and A. Pascual-Leone, "Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Neurochronometrics of Mind." Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2003.
  28. ↑ Lefaucheur, Jean-Pascal; André-Obadia, Nathalie; Antal, Andrea; Ayache, Samar S.; Baeken, Chris; Benninger, David H.; Cantello, Roberto M.; Cincotta, Massimo; de Carvalho, Mamede; De Ridder, Dirk; Devanne, Hervé; Di Lazzaro, Vincenzo; Filipović, Saša R.; Hummel, Friedhelm C.; Jääskeläinen, Satu K. (November 2014). "Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)". Clinical Neurophysiology. 125 (11): 2150–2206. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2014.05.021.
  29. ↑ See:
    1. Zangen A, Roth Y, Voller B, Hallett M (April 2005). "Transcranial magnetic stimulation of deep brain regions: evidence for efficacy of the H-coil". Clinical Neurophysiology. 116 (4): 775–779. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2004.11.008. PMID   15792886. S2CID   25101101.
    2. Huang YZ, Sommer M, Thickbroom G, Hamada M, Pascual-Leonne A, Paulus W, et al. (January 2009). "Consensus: New methodologies for brain stimulation". Brain Stimulation. 2 (1): 2–13. doi:10.1016/j.brs.2008.09.007. PMC   5507351 . PMID   20633398.
  30. ↑ Rubens MT, Zanto TP (March 2012). "Parameterization of transcranial magnetic stimulation". Journal of Neurophysiology. 107 (5): 1257–1259. doi:10.1152/jn.00716.2011. PMC   3311692 . PMID   22072509.
  31. ↑ Pascual-Leone A, Davey N, Rothwell J, Wassermann EM, Puri BK (2002). Handbook of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. London: Edward Arnold. ISBN   978-0-340-72009-7.
  32. ↑ Cusin C, Dougherty DD (August 2012). "Somatic therapies for treatment-resistant depression: ECT, TMS, VNS, DBS". Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders. 2 (1): 14. doi: 10.1186/2045-5380-2-14 . PMC   3514332 . PMID   22901565.
  33. ↑ Fitzgerald PB, Fountain S, Daskalakis ZJ (December 2006). "A comprehensive review of the effects of rTMS on motor cortical excitability and inhibition". Clinical Neurophysiology. 117 (12): 2584–2596. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2006.06.712. PMID   16890483. S2CID   31458874.
  34. ↑ Baur D, Galevska D, Hussain S, Cohen LG, Ziemann U, Zrenner C. Induction of LTD-like corticospinal plasticity by low-frequency rTMS depends on pre-stimulus phase of sensorimotor μ-rhythm. Brain Stimul. 2020 Nov-Dec;13(6):1580-1587. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.09.005. Epub 2020 Sep 17. PMID 32949780; PMCID: PMC7710977.
  35. ↑ Riehl M (2008). "TMS Stimulator Design". In Wassermann EM, Epstein CM, Ziemann U, Walsh V, Paus T, Lisanby SH (eds.). Oxford Handbook of Transcranial Stimulation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.  13–23, 25–32. ISBN   978-0-19-856892-6.
  36. ↑ Roth BJ, Maccabee PJ, Eberle LP, Amassian VE, Hallett M, Cadwell J, et al. (February 1994). "In vitro evaluation of a 4-leaf coil design for magnetic stimulation of peripheral nerve". Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 93 (1): 68–74. doi:10.1016/0168-5597(94)90093-0. PMID   7511524.
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Horvath JC, Perez JM, Forrow L, Fregni F, Pascual-Leone A (March 2011). "Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a historical evaluation and future prognosis of therapeutically relevant ethical concerns". Journal of Medical Ethics. 37 (3): 137–143. doi:10.1136/jme.2010.039966. JSTOR   23034661. PMID   21106996. S2CID   13262044.
  38. 1 2 3 Noohi S, Amirsalari S (2016). "History, Studies and Specific Uses of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) in Treating Epilepsy". Iranian Journal of Child Neurology. 10 (1): 1–8. PMC   4815479 . PMID   27057180.
  39. ↑ Klomjai W, Katz R, Lackmy-Vallée A (September 2015). "Basic principles of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and repetitive TMS (rTMS)". Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 58 (4): 208–213. doi: 10.1016/j.rehab.2015.05.005 . PMID   26319963.
  40. ↑ Fang J, Zhou M, Yang M, Zhu C, He L (May 2013). "Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neuron disease". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013 (5): CD008554. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008554.pub3. PMC   7173713 . PMID   23728676.
  41. ↑ Pereira LS, Müller VT, da Mota Gomes M, Rotenberg A, Fregni F (April 2016). "Safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with epilepsy: A systematic review". Epilepsy & Behavior. 57 (Pt A): 167–176. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.01.015. PMID   26970993. S2CID   3880211.
  42. ↑ Martin PI, Naeser MA, Ho M, Treglia E, Kaplan E, Baker EH, Pascual-Leone A (November 2009). "Research with transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of aphasia". Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports. 9 (6): 451–458. doi:10.1007/s11910-009-0067-9. PMC   2887285 . PMID   19818232.
  43. ↑ Corti M, Patten C, Triggs W (March 2012). "Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of motor cortex after stroke: a focused review". American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 91 (3): 254–270. doi:10.1097/PHM.0b013e318228bf0c. PMID   22042336. S2CID   16233265.
  44. ↑ Kleinjung T, Vielsmeier V, Landgrebe M, Hajak G, Langguth B (2008). "Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a new diagnostic and therapeutic tool for tinnitus patients". The International Tinnitus Journal. 14 (2): 112–118. PMID   19205161.
  45. ↑ Shin SS, Dixon CE, Okonkwo DO, Richardson RM (November 2014). "Neurostimulation for traumatic brain injury". Journal of Neurosurgery. 121 (5): 1219–1231. doi: 10.3171/2014.7.JNS131826 . PMID   25170668.
  46. ↑ Machado S, Bittencourt J, Minc D, Portella CE, Velasques B, Cunha M, et al. (2008). "Therapeutic applications of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical neurorehabilitation". Functional Neurology. 23 (3): 113–122. PMID   19152730.
  47. ↑ Liu, Xuan; Li, Lei; Liu, Ye (2023-09-29). "Comparative motor effectiveness of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques in patients with Parkinson's disease: A network meta-analysis". Medicine. 102 (39): e34960. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000034960. ISSN   1536-5964. PMC   10545289 . PMID   37773851.
  48. 1 2 Chou YH, Hickey PT, Sundman M, Song AW, Chen NK (April 2015). "Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor symptoms in Parkinson disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis". JAMA Neurology. 72 (4): 432–440. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.4380. PMC   4425190 . PMID   25686212.
  49. ↑ Yang C, Guo Z, Peng H, Xing G, Chen H, McClure MA, et al. (November 2018). "Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy for motor recovery in Parkinson's disease: A Meta-analysis". Brain and Behavior. 8 (11): e01132. doi:10.1002/brb3.1132. PMC   6236247 . PMID   30264518.
  50. ↑ Fregni F, Simon DK, Wu A, Pascual-Leone A (December 2005). "Non-invasive brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 76 (12): 1614–1623. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2005.069849. PMC   1739437 . PMID   16291882.
  51. ↑ Lefaucheur JP (December 2009). "Treatment of Parkinson's disease by cortical stimulation". Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 9 (12): 1755–1771. doi:10.1586/ern.09.132. PMID   19951135. S2CID   6404434.
  52. ↑ Arias-Carrión O (April 2008). "Basic mechanisms of rTMS: Implications in Parkinson's disease". International Archives of Medicine. 1 (1): 2. doi: 10.1186/1755-7682-1-2 . PMC   2375865 . PMID   18471317.
  53. ↑ França C, de Andrade DC, Teixeira MJ, Galhardoni R, Silva V, Barbosa ER, Cury RG (2018). "Effects of cerebellar neuromodulation in movement disorders: A systematic review". Brain Stimulation. 11 (2): 249–260. doi:10.1016/j.brs.2017.11.015. PMID   29191439. S2CID   46810543.
  54. ↑ Li H, Wang J, Li C, Xiao Z (September 2014). "Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for panic disorder in adults". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 9 (9): CD009083. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009083.pub2. PMC   6885044 . PMID   25230088.
  55. ↑ Berlim MT, Neufeld NH, Van den Eynde F (August 2013). "Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): an exploratory meta-analysis of randomized and sham-controlled trials". Journal of Psychiatric Research. 47 (8): 999–1006. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.03.022. PMID   23615189.
  56. ↑ Saba G, Moukheiber A, Pelissolo A (May 2015). "Transcranial cortical stimulation in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorders: efficacy studies". Current Psychiatry Reports. 17 (5): 36. doi:10.1007/s11920-015-0571-3. PMID   25825002. S2CID   22071333.
  57. ↑ Oberman LM, Enticott PG, Casanova MF, Rotenberg A, Pascual-Leone A, McCracken JT (February 2016). "Transcranial magnetic stimulation in autism spectrum disorder: Challenges, promise, and roadmap for future research". Autism Research. 9 (2): 184–203. doi:10.1002/aur.1567. PMC   4956084 . PMID   26536383.
  58. ↑ Nizard J, Lefaucheur JP, Helbert M, de Chauvigny E, Nguyen JP (July 2012). "Non-invasive stimulation therapies for the treatment of refractory pain". Discovery Medicine. 14 (74): 21–31. PMID   22846200. Archived from the original on 2014-02-26.
  59. ↑ Ponciano-Rodríguez, Guadalupe; Chávez-Castillo, Carlos A.; Ríos-Ponce, Alma E.; Villafuerte, Gabriel (2021). "High Frequency and Low Intensity Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Smoking Cessation". Journal of Addiction. 2021: 9988618. doi: 10.1155/2021/9988618 . ISSN   2090-7834. PMC   8476253 . PMID   34589245.
  60. ↑ Kiebs, Maximilian; Hurlemann, René; Mutz, Julian (August 2019). "Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in non-treatment-resistant depression". British Journal of Psychiatry. 215 (2): 445–446. doi: 10.1192/bjp.2019.75 . ISSN   0007-1250. PMID   31014413.
  61. ↑ van Dun K, Bodranghien F, Manto M, Mariën P (June 2017). "Targeting the Cerebellum by Noninvasive Neurostimulation: a Review". Cerebellum. 16 (3): 695–741. doi:10.1007/s12311-016-0840-7. PMID   28032321. S2CID   3999098.
  62. ↑ "Alternative Alzheimer's Treatments Offering Hope - 84% of the subjects surveyed rated their psychological well-being after the TPS treatment as medium to good". Hitoshin. 11 April 2023.
  63. ↑ Duecker F, Sack AT (2015). "Rethinking the role of sham TMS". Frontiers in Psychology. 6: 210. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00210 . PMC   4341423 . PMID   25767458.
  64. ↑ Davis NJ, Gold E, Pascual-Leone A, Bracewell RM (October 2013). "Challenges of proper placebo control for non-invasive brain stimulation in clinical and experimental applications". The European Journal of Neuroscience. 38 (7): 2973–2977. doi:10.1111/ejn.12307. PMID   23869660. S2CID   2152097.
  65. ↑ Marangell LB, Martinez M, Jurdi RA, Zboyan H (September 2007). "Neurostimulation therapies in depression: a review of new modalities". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 116 (3): 174–181. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01033.x. PMID   17655558. S2CID   38081703.
  66. ↑ Brunoni AR, Lopes M, Kaptchuk TJ, Fregni F (2009). "Placebo response of non-pharmacological and pharmacological trials in major depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis". PLOS ONE. 4 (3): e4824. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.4824B. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004824 . PMC   2653635 . PMID   19293925.
  67. ↑ Broadbent HJ, van den Eynde F, Guillaume S, Hanif EL, Stahl D, David AS, et al. (June 2011). "Blinding success of rTMS applied to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in randomised sham-controlled trials: a systematic review". The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry. 12 (4): 240–248. doi:10.3109/15622975.2010.541281. PMID   21426265. S2CID   21439740.
  68. ↑ Wassermann EM, Zimmermann T (January 2012). "Transcranial magnetic brain stimulation: therapeutic promises and scientific gaps". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 133 (1): 98–107. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.09.003. PMC   3241868 . PMID   21924290.
  69. ↑ "FDA clears Nexstim´s Navigated Brain Stimulation for non-invasive cortical mapping prior to neurosurgery – Archive – Press Releases". nexstim.com.
  70. ↑ "Nexstim Announces FDA Clearance for NexSpeech® – Enabling Noninvasive Speech Mapping Prior to Neurosurgery". businesswire.com. 11 June 2012.
  71. ↑ Information about Mental Illness and the Brain. National Institutes of Health (US). 2007.
  72. ↑ In addition, the World Health Organization reports that the number of people living with depression has increased nearly 20 percent since 2005.
  73. ↑ Michael Drues, for Med Device Online. 5 February 2014 Secrets Of The De Novo Pathway, Part 1: Why Aren't More Device Makers Using It?
  74. ↑ Schwedt TJ, Vargas B (September 2015). "Neurostimulation for Treatment of Migraine and Cluster Headache". Pain Medicine. 16 (9): 1827–1834. doi:10.1111/pme.12792. PMC   4572909 . PMID   26177612.
  75. ↑ ""Depression: let's talk" says WHO, as depression tops list of causes of ill health". www.who.int. Retrieved 2022-08-10.
  76. ↑ Carpenter LL, Janicak PG, Aaronson ST, Boyadjis T, Brock DG, Cook IA, Dunner DL, Lanocha K, Solvason HB, Demitrack MA (July 2012). "Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for major depression: a multisite, naturalistic, observational study of acute treatment outcomes in clinical practice". Depress Anxiety. 29 (7): 587–96. doi:10.1002/da.21969. PMID   22689344. S2CID   22968810.
  77. ↑ Rodriguez-Martin, José Luis; Barbanoj, José Manuel; Schlaepfer, Te; Clos, Susana SC; Pérez, V; Kulisevsky, J; Gironell, A (22 April 2002). "Transcranial magnetic stimulation for treating depression". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (11): CD003493. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003493. PMC   6516872 . PMID   12076483 . Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  78. ↑ Hendon, Jessica (2002). "Transcranial magnetic stimulation for treating depression". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (11): CD003493. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003493. PMC   6516872 . PMID   12076483.
  79. ↑ "FDA permits marketing of transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder". Food and Drug Administration . 2020-02-20.
  80. ↑ "MagVenture receives FDA clearance for OCD | Clinical TMS Society". www.clinicaltmssociety.org. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  81. ↑ "FDA clears OCD motor threshold cap for transcranial magnetic stimulation system". www.healio.com. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  82. 1 2 3 "Brainsway reports positive Deep TMS system trial data for OCD". Medical Device Network. Medicaldevice-network. September 6, 2013. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
  83. 1 2 3 4 5 "Brainsway's Deep TMS EU Cleared for Neuropathic Chronic Pain". medGadget. July 3, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
  84. ↑ Gersner R, Oberman L, Sanchez MJ, Chiriboga N, Kaye HL, Pascual-Leone A, et al. (2016-01-01). "H-coil repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy: A case report". Epilepsy & Behavior Case Reports. 5 (Supplement C): 52–56. doi:10.1016/j.ebcr.2016.03.001. PMC   4832041 . PMID   27114902.
  85. ↑ Torres F, Villalon E, Poblete P, Moraga-Amaro R, Linsambarth S, Riquelme R, et al. (2015-10-26). "Retrospective Evaluation of Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as Add-On Treatment for Parkinson's Disease". Frontiers in Neurology. 6: 210. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00210 . PMC   4620693 . PMID   26579065.
  86. ↑ Petrosino, Nicholas J.; Cosmo, Camila; Berlow, Yosef A.; Zandvakili, Amin; van ’t Wout-Frank, Mascha; Philip, Noah S. (2021). "Transcranial magnetic stimulation for post-traumatic stress disorder". Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology . 11. doi: 10.1177/20451253211049921 . PMC   8558793 . PMID   34733479.
  87. ↑ Luber B, Lisanby SH (January 2014). "Enhancement of human cognitive performance using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)". NeuroImage. 85 Pt 3 (3): 961–970. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.007. PMC   4083569 . PMID   23770409.
  88. ↑ NICE About NICE: What we do
  89. 1 2 "Transcranial magnetic stimulation for severe depression (IPG242)". London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. 2011-03-04.
  90. ↑ "Transcranial magnetic stimulation for treating and preventing migraine". London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. January 2014.
  91. ↑ "Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression". National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. 16 December 2015. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  92. ↑ "Medical Policy: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Depression and Other Neuropsychiatric Disorders". Policy No. BEH.00002. Anthem, Inc. 2013-04-16. Archived from the original on 2013-07-29. Retrieved 2013-12-11.
  93. ↑ Health Net (March 2012). "National Medical Policy: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation" (PDF). Policy Number NMP 508. Health Net. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-11. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
  94. ↑ "Medical Policy Manual" (PDF). Section IV.67. Blue Cross Blue Shield of Nebraska. 2011-05-18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-28.
  95. ↑ "Medical Coverage Policy: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Treatment of Depression and Other Psychiatric/Neurologic Disorders" (PDF). Blue Cross Blue Shield of Rhode Island. 2012-05-15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-26. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
  96. ↑ UnitedHealthcare (2013-12-01). "Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation" (PDF). UnitedHealthCare. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-20. Retrieved 2013-12-11.
  97. ↑ Aetna (2013-10-11). "Clinical Policy Bulletin: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Cranial Electrical Stimulation". Number 0469. Aetna. Archived from the original on 2013-10-22. Retrieved 2013-12-11.
  98. ↑ Cigna (2013-01-15). "Cigna Medical Coverage Policy: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation" (PDF). Coverage Policy Number 0383. Cigna. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-04. Retrieved 2013-12-11.
  99. ↑ Regence (2013-06-01). "Medical Policy: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as a Treatment of Depression and Other Disorders" (PDF). Policy No. 17. Regence. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-09. Retrieved 2013-12-11.
  100. ↑ "Medicare Administrative Contractors". Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. 2013-07-10. Archived from the original on 2014-02-14. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
  101. ↑ NHIC, Corp. (2013-10-24). "Local Coverage Determination (LCD) for Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) (L32228)". Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Archived from the original on 2014-02-17. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
  102. ↑ "Important Treatment Option for Depression Receives Medicare Coverage". Press Release. PBN.com: Providence Business News. 2012-03-30. Archived from the original on 2013-04-05. Retrieved 2012-10-11.
  103. ↑ The Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (June 2012). "Coverage Policy Analysis: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)" (PDF). The New England Comparative Effectiveness Public Advisory Council (CEPAC). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-13. Retrieved 2013-12-11.
  104. ↑ "Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Cites Influence of New England Comparative Effectiveness Public Advisory Council (CEPAC)". Berlin, Vermont: Central Vermont Medical Center. 2012-02-06. Archived from the original on 2012-03-25. Retrieved 2012-10-12.
  105. ↑ National Government Services, Inc. (2013-10-25). "Local Coverage Determination (LCD): Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (L32038)". Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . Retrieved 2014-02-17.
  106. ↑ Novitas Solutions, Inc. (2013-12-04). "LCD L32752 – Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Depression". Contractor's Determination Number L32752. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . Retrieved 2014-02-17.
  107. ↑ Novitas Solutions, Inc. (2013-12-05). "LCD L33660 – Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) for the Treatment of Depression". Contractor's Determination Number L33660. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . Retrieved 2014-02-17.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.