Arnold Resnicoff

Last updated
Arnold E. Resnicoff
ArnoldResnicoffUSAF.jpg
Rabbi Arnold E. Resnicoff
Personal
Born (1946-10-10) October 10, 1946 (age 77)
Washington, D.C. United States of America
ReligionJudaism
NationalityAmerican
ChildrenMalka Sarit Resnicoff
ParentJack Irwin Resnicoff & Blanche Florence Hasinsky
Senior posting
OrdinationRabbi, Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1976
Previous postCommand Chaplain, U.S. European Command
U.S. National Director, Interreligious Affairs, American Jewish Committee
Special Assistant for Values and Vision, Secretary and Chief of Staff, U.S. Air Force
Present postConsultant, Interfaith values and interreligious affairs
Websitewww.resnicoff.net

Arnold E. Resnicoff (born 1946) is an American Conservative rabbi who served as a military officer and military chaplain. He served in Vietnam and Europe before [1] attending rabbinical school. He then served as a U.S. Navy Chaplain for almost 25 years. He promoted the creation of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial and delivered the closing prayer at its 1982 dedication. In 1984 the President of the United States spoke on his eyewitness account of the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing. After retiring from the military he was National Director of Interreligious Affairs for the American Jewish Committee and served as Special Assistant (for Values and Vision) to the Secretary and Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force, serving at the equivalent military rank of Brigadier General. [2]

Contents

Resnicoff holds several degrees, including an honorary doctorate. [3] His awards include the Defense Superior Service Medal, the Department of the Air Force Decoration for Exceptional Civilian Service, and the Chapel of Four Chaplains Hall of Heroes Gold Medallion.

Life and works

Early military career

Vietnam, 1970 Resnicoff in Vietnam 1970.jpg
Vietnam, 1970

Resnicoff's father, a World War II Navy veteran, encouraged Resnicoff to serve with the military [4] as one way for the family to "pay its dues" to America. [5] [6] He served as an enlisted man in the Naval Reserves during High School, then after graduation from NROTC at Dartmouth College served in the rivers of Vietnam (and a short time in Cambodia as well, when his ship became the first U.S commissioned vessel to cross the border) [7] as part of "Operation Game Warden," the operation aimed at keeping the rivers free from Viet Cong, and then with Naval Intelligence in Europe before leaving the Navy to attend rabbinical school. [8]

Military chaplaincy

Following ordination from JTS in 1976, Resnicoff returned to the Navy as a chaplain, serving in many locations in the United States and overseas.

From 1992-1994, Resnicoff served as Command Chaplain for Recruit Training Command ("RTC"), Orlando, Florida, where he was part of the team headed by Captain Kathleen Bruyere that integrated men and women into basic training for the first time, [9] and created a new chaplain message for the recruits: "Chapel helps you make it through Boot Camp; Faith helps you make it through life." [4] [10]

Vietnam Veterans Memorial

Resnicoff was part of a group of Vietnam veterans, led by Jan Scruggs, [11] that worked to create the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, in Washington, D.C. Scruggs was an Army corporal with the 199th Light Infantry Brigade who had been wounded on the battlefield in Vietnam. [4] On Nov 13, 1982, Resnicoff delivered the closing prayer at the official dedication of "The Wall." [12] [13]

Beirut Barracks bombing

On October 23, 1983, while a chaplain for the United States Sixth Fleet, Resnicoff was present in Beirut, Lebanon, during the suicide truck bomb attack that took the lives of 241 American military personnel, and wounded scores more. He had arrived on Friday, Oct 21, to lead a Memorial Service for Sgt Allen Soifert, a Jewish American Marine killed by sniper fire. [14] [15] Transportation had been offered to return him to the Sixth Fleet flagship in Gaeta, Italy, on Saturday, but Resnicoff said he could not travel on Shabbat, the Jewish Sabbath, and would remain in Beirut with the Marines until the following day, when the first truck bomb attack occurred at 6:20AM on Sunday, Oct 23, demolishing the Marine barracks. [16]

Four days after the attack, the White House team that visited Beirut, led by Vice President of the United States, George H. W. Bush, asked for a report on the attack and its aftermath—and on April 13, 1984, President Ronald Reagan read that report as his keynote address to the Rev. Jerry Falwell's "Baptist Fundamentalism '84" convention, in Washington, DC. [17] [18] During the delivery of the speech, President Reagan was interrupted by a small group of protestors, holding pre-printed banners, chanting, "Bread, not bombs." Reagan later commented, "Wouldn't it be nice if a little bit of that Marine spirit would rub off, and they would listen [to the chaplain's words] about brotherly love?" [17]

"Camouflage kippa" (skullcap)
Resnicoff with "camouflage kippa" described in Presidential speech in online Beirut kippa.jpg
Resnicoff with "camouflage kippa" described in Presidential speech in online

During the rescue efforts following the bombing, a Catholic Chaplain named George Pucciarelli tore off a piece of his Marine camouflage uniform to make a skullcap ("kippah") for Resnicoff, after Resnicoff used his to wipe the blood from a wounded Marine's face. [20] This widely reported story, recounted in President Reagan's 1984 speech, was entered into the Congressional Record. [21] The story was credited with helping the passage of the religious apparel amendment allowing military personnel to wear head coverings for religious reasons (an amendment that had failed to pass in the House of Representatives for two years prior to the recounting of this story). [22] This story was also quoted by some military leaders who had previously opposed the uniform policy change, but now supported it, including the Commandant and Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps. [23] This amendment reportedly laid the groundwork for the directive (later, changed to a Department of Defense Instruction) that established wide-ranging changes to official military policies and procedures for the Accommodation of Religious Practices Within the Military Services. [24] [25]

Days of Remembrance of the Victims of Holocaust

Leading first official U.S.Navy DRVH shipboard ceremony, USS Puget Sound, Malaga, Spain, 1984 DRVH USSPugetSound.png
Leading first official U.S.Navy DRVH shipboard ceremony, USS Puget Sound, Malaga, Spain, 1984

In 1984, Resnicoff's efforts to convince the United States Department of Defense to participate in the national annual program for the Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust (DRVH) were successful. [26]

In 1984, the first official year of military involvement, Resnicoff coordinated a meeting between Rabbi Seymour Siegel, Executive Director of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council, and Vice Admiral Edward Martin, Commander, United States Sixth Fleet, [27] and then conducted the first shipboard Holocaust Days of Remembrance Ceremony, on board USS Puget Sound, the Sixth Fleet Flagship. [28]

Gay and lesbian rights

Resnicoff worked to support the rights of men and women of all sexual orientations, as well as those of all faiths. [29] His work has been recognized by long-time advocates of LGBT rights, including his work at the Naval War College as far back as the early 1990s. [30] He was later chosen by the White House to deliver the prayer at the Presidential signing ceremony for the repeal of the military's "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy. [8] [31]

United States European Command

From 1997 to 2000, Resnicoff was the first Jewish Chaplain to serve at the level of Command Chaplain for a Unified Combatant Command, serving as chaplain for the United States European Command (USEUCOM), under the leadership of General Wesley Clark. He served as a principal advisor to General Clark and the USEUCOM staff on matters of religion, ethics, and morals; coordinated religious support for more than 100,000 U.S. military personnel and families of all military branches and all faiths; and served as liaison to the chaplaincies of other nations throughout the USEUCOM area of responsibility (AOR), leading and coordinating three International Military Chiefs of Chaplains Conferences in Europe, where he introduced a new vision of the potential role of chaplains as liaisons to religious leaders, [32] and of religion as a force for peace and conflict resolution, [33] and for reconciliation after the battles. [34]

During the time of American involvement in Bosnia and Kosovo, he worked with U.S. and NATO troops, civilian relief workers, political and military leaders, religious representatives, and refugees, and represented the military in the first conference of religious seminary students from Kosovo, Bosnia, Albania, and Macedonia; [35] and led a delegation representing the four official religions of Bosnia—Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Muslim, and Jewish—on an historic visit to the U.S. [36]

Sixth Fleet and Israel

Leading 1983 religious service in Wilson's Arch at Jerusalem's Western Wall USNAVY Kotel Service.jpg
Leading 1983 religious service in Wilson's Arch at Jerusalem's Western Wall

In 1983, Resnicoff held the first interfaith service (and first service jointly attended by men and women) held at the Western Wall since it came under Israel's control, conducted under the supervision of the Israel Ministry of Religious Affairs, as part of a special welcome for the U.S. Sixth Fleet. [37] [38] He also led Israel's first official Martin Luther King Jr. Day ceremony, held in the President's residence. [39]

He helped establish the Haifa, Israel, USO and a center for Sixth Fleet personnel on leave in Jerusalem; [40] led the first official visit to Israel by the United States Army, Navy, and Air Force Chiefs of Chaplains, as well as the first visit by officers and crew of the aircraft carrier, USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67), to Israel's John F. Kennedy Memorial and Peace Forest. [4]

1986 US-USSR Reagan-Gorbachev meetings in Iceland

In 1986, Resnicoff was sent to Iceland to lead Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) services during the historic Reagan-Gorbachev pre-summit meetings. [41] The symbolism of Resnicoff's participation in this initiative made an impression on many Americans. Senator Claiborne Pell (D-RI) entered the text of the October 8, 1986, Providence Journal article, "Navy Rabbi To Join Iceland Team: Russian immigrant's grandson picked to lead staff services," in the October 9, 1986, Senate Congressional Record.

Special presentations, conferences, and prayers

Rabbi Resnicoff has lectured on pluralism, religious freedom, and ethics and values, at many civilian and military forums, including the Northeastern Political Science Association; [42] the International Society for Military Ethics (ISME);[ citation needed ] the Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute; [43] the Pearson Peacekeeping Centre in Clementsport, Nova Scotia [44] and the Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, in Israel's Bar Ilan University.

He was the first chaplain to brief the Joint Chiefs of Staff and worldwide Unified Combatant Command commanders, at a Washington, DC, CINC's Conference, where he addressed issues of core values and quality of life. [45] In 1996, he crafted and led the first Conference on Ethics and Leadership for the staff of the Camp David Presidential Retreat. [46] He was the only military chaplain to attend the United Nations Millennium World Peace Summit of Religious and Spiritual leaders, [47] was one of 100 religious leaders at the Sep 11, 1988, White House discussion with then President Bill Clinton on the way religion might combat violence in American schools, and represented the U.S. military at the 1999 Seventh World Assembly of the World Conference of Religions for Peace, in Amman, Jordan.

Resnicoff's February 2006 presentation [48] on religion, the military, and church-and-state issues, presented at the Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA) was broadcast multiple times on C-SPAN. He presented an updated version of this talk—"Faith and Foxholes: Religion in the Military"—in May 2010 at the Library of Congress (LOC). [49] In the same month, the LOC Veterans History Project [50] conducted a two-hour video oral history of Resnicoff for their permanent historical archives. [51]

Resnicoff, who has offered prayers at many public ceremonies, is "known for his work to sanctify moments of American trauma" through prayer, including his 2021 prayer on the floor of the House of Representatives that combined memories of 9/11 and the message of the Jewish High Holy Days. [52] He has been referred to as "The Wall's rabbi" because of his many prayers for ceremonies at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. [53]

Two of Resnicoff's prayers, delivered in 1987 at the first Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust ceremony in the U.S. Capitol and the 1982 dedication of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial are included in the book, The Treasury of American Prayer. [54] He has offered more Congressional prayers on the floor of the House and Senate than any other rabbi. [55] [56] His prayer for the House pro-forma session on December 30, 2019, the final House prayer for the decade, was featured that day on the CNN news show Inside Politics, with host Nia-Malika Henderson introducing it with the words that "as 2019 winds down, a prayer this morning from Capitol Hill from a rabbi, marking the end of the year with a message of hope." video

On June 24, 2023, Resnicoff delivered the prayers for the commissioning of the guided-missile destroyer USS CARL M. LEVIN (DDG-120), the first US Navy ship named for a Jewish member of congress. [57] [58]

In January 2024, Resnicoff delivered an online talk on the history of Jewish chaplains in the United States military, sponsored by the Haberman Institute for Jewish studies, which was also posted on youtube.

Views

Spiritual force protection

Resnicoff is frequently quoted on the impact of war and violence on the human spirit, including the distinction he makes between "outrage", a feeling we must value, because it is part of being human (and we must fight against the danger that war and violence can numb us against it), and "rage", where emotions take over, we lose our moral compass, and we become vulnerable to manipulation by others who want us to lose our way. [59] While working for General Wesley K. Clark at the U.S. European Command, Resnicoff worked to expand the concept of force protection to include Spiritual Force Protection: [60] [61] protecting military personnel not only against physical danger, but against threats to their humanity, as well. [62] The book, Stoic Warriors: The Ancient Philosophy Behind the Military Mind [63] quotes his position that "We don't want our people just to come home physically; we want them to come back as close to the human beings they were before they went in." [63]

Expanded role of military chaplains in peace and reconciliation initiatives

Resnicoff believes chaplains have a role to play in the area of engagement: building ties and strengthening relationships with civilian religious leaders. He believes that "NATO chaplains should have a greater role in supporting Allied troops with personal moral conflicts, and in reducing misunderstandings about foreign religious beliefs ... it is important to move fast and establish regional cooperative programs in such potential hot spots as Eastern Europe and South Africa "so that we are ahead of the power curve before another Kosovo explodes."" [64]

Personal life

The artist Joel Resnicoff was Arnold's younger brother. Descended from a long line of rabbis, his grandfather was Rabbi Mnachem Risikoff and great-grandfather was Rabbi Zvi Yosef Resnick.

Awards and honors

Resnicoff has received numerous military awards, including the Defense Superior Service Medal, the Legion of Merit, four Meritorious Service Medals, the Joint Service Commendation Medal, and two Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medals (one with the Combat V, for Valor). For his service with the Air Force following retirement from the military, he was awarded the United States Air Force Decoration for Exceptional Civilian Service, the highest award that the Air Force can present to a civilian. Other special awards include The President's Honor Graduate Award, Naval War College; International Community Service Award, Moment Magazine; [65] The Rabbi Louis Paris Hall of Heroes Gold Medallion, Chapel of Four Chaplains; [66] and the Commandant's Award, Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute (DEOMI), [43] Patrick Air Force Base, Florida. In May 2013 Resnicoff was awarded the annual Daniel Webster Award for Distinguished Public Service, by the Dartmouth Club of Washington, D.C. [67]

In 1994, the Chaplain Arnold E. Resnicoff Scholarship Fund was established in his honor at The Jewish Theological Seminary to help rabbinical students who agree to serve at least one assignment as military chaplains, following ordination. [45] [68]

On May 19, 2023, Resnicoff became the first rabbi to be designated a Guest of Honor for the USMC Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C. Friday Evening Parade. He was one of four individual chaplains singled out for this honor, and the parade as a whole was dedicated to all Navy chaplains. [69] That morning, in a Chaplain Corps event held at the Washington Navy Yard, Resnicoff and the other Guests of Honor were recognized as "trailblazers" in the history of the chaplaincy, sharing lessons from their careers with Chaplain Corps leaders. [70]

Articles and books

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References

  1. ↑ Lester Westling, "All That Glitters: Memoirs of a Minister," Global Publishing Services, 2003, pp. 229–233
  2. ↑ "Four Chaplains to be honored at inclusion awareness shabbat," Washington Hebrew Congregation, whctemple.org, February 3, 2012 Archived March 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine , retrieved March 7, 2012.
  3. ↑ "Rabbi Arnold E. Resnicoff Named National Director of Interreligious Relations". American Jewish Committee (via Charity Wire). October 4, 2001. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2010.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Library of Congress Veterans History Project: Arnold Resnicoff collection, AFC/2001/001/70629, May 2010.
  5. ↑ Globe interview, Military news, Sep 29, 1983
  6. ↑ Providence Sunday Journal, Feb 3, 1985, "Rabbi Knows Lessons of War."
  7. ↑ Bruhn, David (2019). Gators Offshore and Upriver: The U.S. Navy's Amphibious Ships and Underwater Demolition Teams, and Royal Australian Navy Clearance Divers in Vietnam. Heritage Books.
  8. 1 2 "Ohr Kodesh Congregation Online Information, 2012". Archived from the original on 2013-05-22. Retrieved 2012-07-03.
  9. ↑ BayLite, The Tampa Tribune, Sept 27, 1992.
  10. ↑ (The Navigator, NTC Orlando, Nov 19, 1992.)
  11. ↑ "Jan Scruggs". Archived from the original on 2011-01-06. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
  12. ↑ Prayer entered into Congressional Record, US Senate, Vol 128, Number 139, Dec 2, 1982.
  13. ↑ Moore, James P., Jr., The Treasury of American Prayer, Doubleday, 2008.
  14. ↑ New York Post, Nov 22, 1983, "Comrades in Tribute to Fallen Marine."
  15. ↑ Doran, Andrew, "Pulled From the Pit in Beirut," The American Conservative, Oct 16, 2023
  16. ↑ Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA), "Behind the Headlines: Senior U.S. Chaplain Envisions Role for Clergy in Helping to Rebuild Kosovo, June 15, 1999.
  17. 1 2 The American Presidency Project, President Ronald Reagan, "Remarks at the Baptist Fundamentalist Annual Convention," Apr 13, 1984. Speech also reprinted in Modern Day Heroes: In Defense of America, Anderson-Noble Publishing, 2004.]
  18. ↑ Slomovitz, Albert Isaac, The Fighting Rabbis: Jewish Military Chaplains and American History, New York University Press, New York: 1999.
  19. ↑ text
  20. ↑ Norfolk Ledger Star, Norfolk, VA, Jan 13, 1984, "Rabbi's Camouflage Yarmulke Woven With Tragedy, Heroism"
  21. ↑ Congressional Record, Vol 133, Number 75, May 11, 1987
  22. ↑ Jewish Press, May 22, 1987, Solarz Passes Religious Apparel Amendment
  23. ↑ Navy Times, Nov 7, 1983, quotes the impact of this story on Sgt Major of the Marine Corps Robert E. Cleary.
  24. ↑ Department of Defense Instruction
  25. ↑ Turley, K.V., National Catholic Register, Oct 21, 2023, "The Priest, the Rabbi, and the Beirut Terrorist Attack of 1983"
  26. ↑ "Navy Chaplain's efforts lead to Holocaust guide," Intermountain Jewish News, April 8, 1988.
  27. ↑ The Military Chaplain, Vol. 57, No. 2, March–April 1984.
  28. ↑ The Jewish Week, June 8, 1984, "First Holocaust Observance on U.S. Navy ship, held in Spain."
  29. ↑ Domi, Tanya, “Lesbian Army Captain Remembers Those Who Fought Against Don't Ask, Don't Tell,” The newcivilrightsmovement.com, December 18, 2010.
  30. ↑ Domi, Tanya, “On the Eve of Christmas, A Navy Rabbi and Lesbian Army Captain Reunite to Bear Witness to DADT's End,” thenewcivilrightsmovement.com, December 24, 2010.
  31. ↑ Weingarten, Gene (2019). One Day: the extraordinary story of an ordinary 24 hours. Blue Rider Press. p. 249. ISBN   9780698135598.
  32. ↑ William Sean Lee, Christopher Burke, and Zonna M. Crayne, "Military Chaplains as Peace Builders: Embracing Indigenous Religions in Stability Operations", Air Force Fellows Research Report (Air University, 2004), p. 15.
  33. ↑ Christian Science Monitor, Mar 4, 1999, "Taking Faith to the New Front Lines"
  34. ↑ Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA), Daily News, Vol 77, No. 113, Jun 17, 1999, "Chaplain Envisions Role of Clergy in Rebuilding Kosovo"
  35. ↑ Seminarians Make Peace in the Balkans, Raymond Helmick, America:The National Catholic Weekly, Aug 12, 2000
  36. ↑ USAFA Bio.
  37. ↑ Jerusalem Post, Sep 5, 1983, and Jerusalem Post International Edition, Sep 11–17, 1983, "U.S. Navy Chaplain Conducts Western Wall Interfaith Litany"
  38. ↑ Borschel-Dan, Amanda, "The Day Israel Gave Its Blessing to Egalitarian Prayer at Western Wall," The Times of Israel, Jun 30, 2017
  39. ↑ Keelin, Stacy (January 12, 2020). "Living the dream". The Daily Independent. Ashland, Kentucky. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
  40. ↑ Laromme Jerusalem Press release, September 4, 1983
  41. ↑ The Washington Post, Oct 10, 1986, "Friday, the Rabbi Was in Reykjavik: Arnold Resnicoff, Joining the Summit Team."
  42. ↑ Northeastern Political Science Association
  43. 1 2 Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute
  44. ↑ Pearson Peacekeeping Center
  45. 1 2 Chaplines,Summer 2001, Vol 16, No.2 Archived 2006-07-26 at the Wayback Machine .
  46. ↑ U.S. Air Force Academy biography.
  47. ↑ "United Nations Millennium World Peace Summit of Religious and Spiritual leaders". Archived from the original on 2009-08-21. Retrieved 2010-01-27.
  48. ↑ presentation
  49. ↑ News from the Library of Congress.
  50. ↑ LOC Veterans History Project
  51. ↑ "Arnold E. Resnicoff Collection". Library of Congress .
  52. ↑ https://www.jta.org/2021/09/13/united-states/on-eve-of-9-11-house-of-representatives-marks-20th-anniversary-of-attacks-with-rabbis-prayer-for-shared-holy-days>,
  53. ↑ "'The Wall's' rabbi urges nation to 'unite to mourn our dead'". 25 May 2020.
  54. ↑ Moore, Jr, James P. (2008). The Treasury of American Prayer. Doubleday. p.  115,317. ISBN   978-0-385-52462-9.
  55. ↑ Bedard, Paul (December 30, 2019). "Anti-semitism in US decried for first time in prayer opening house session". Washington Examiner. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
  56. ↑ Oster, Marcy (December 31, 2019). "Washington-area rabbi refers to Monsey attack in last prayer of decade in Congress". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
  57. ↑ https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/uss-carl-m-levin-us-navys-newest-ship-has-a-jewish-name-and-a-rabbis-blessings/
  58. ↑ "USS Carl Levin is the latest US Navy ship to honor a Jewish American". 30 June 2023.
  59. ↑ Confronting Evil: Terrorists, Torture, the Military, and Halakhah Archived 2011-07-28 at the Wayback Machine , Dov S. Zakheim,Meorot: A Forum of Modern Orthodox Discourse, 6:1, 2006.
  60. ↑ Christian Science Monitor, Jane Lampman, "Is anyone ever truly prepared to kill?" Sep 29, 2004.
  61. ↑ "Christian Science Monitor editorial, "On Becoming Our Own Worst Enemy" Arnold Resnicoff, Jun 28, 2004". Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
  62. ↑ Rules for Our Sake, Not for Our Enemies, Arnold Resnicoff, Living Words IV, A Spiritual Source Book for an Age of Terror, JFL Books, 2002
  63. 1 2 Nancy Sherman, Stoic Warriors:The Ancient Philosophy Behind the Military Mind, Oxford University Press: 2007, 119.
  64. ↑ The New York Jewish Week, July 23, 1999
  65. ↑ Moment Magazine, Apr 1991, "Arnold E Resnicoff: Bringing Ethics to Military Service"
  66. ↑ Chapel of Four Chaplains
  67. ↑ Rabbi Arnold Resnicoff '68 honored with Daniel Webster Award, Dartmouth Alumni Magazine, 11 July 2013
  68. ↑ Waligurski, Anita, "Rabbinical Scholarship Honors Chaplain Resnicoff, "The Dolphin," Naval Submarine Base New London, January 19, 1995.
  69. ↑ , Bedard, Paul, "Marines Honor Navy Chaplains With Grand Traditions," Washington Examiner, May 22, 2023.
  70. ↑ Sharkey, Ellen, "Chaplain Corps Recognizes Trailblazers," Defense Visual Information Distribution Service, May 19, 2023.

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