Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency

Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency
Other names	AADC deficiency
Specialty	Neurology
Symptoms	Dystonia, oculogyric crises, developmental delay, parkinsonism, dysautonomia
Usual onset	Infancy
Causes	Autosomal recessive DDC mutation
Diagnostic method	Lumbar puncture for neurotransmitter analysis; enzyme assay; genetic testing

Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency, also known as AADC deficiency, is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the DDC gene, which encodes an enzyme called aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase.

Signs and symptoms

Biosynthesis and breakdown of serotonin and the catecholamines, and the metabolic block in aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency, Wassenberg et al., 2017.

Babies with severe aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency usually present to clinicians during the first few months of life. Symptoms can include:

• Hypotonia (floppiness)
• Developmental delay
• Oculogyric crises ^[2]
• Difficulty with initiating and controlling movements
• Dystonia and dyskinesia
• Gastointestinal dysmotility which can present at as vomiting, gastro-oesophageal reflux, diarrhoea and/or constipation
• Autonomic symptoms including difficulties controlling temperature and blood sugar, excessive sweating and nasal congestion

Some people may develop cerebral folate deficiency, because O-methylation of the excessive amounts of L-DOPA can deplete methyl donors such as S-adenosyl methionine and levomefolic acid. This deviation can be detected by measuring the levels of levomefolic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid, and can be corrected by folinic acid. ^[1]

Genetics

Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance

Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency is an autosomal recessive condition, meaning an individual needs to have two faulty copies of the DDC gene in order to be affected. Usually, one copy is inherited from each parent. ^[3]

Pathophysiology

The aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency enzyme is involved in the synthesis of dopamine and serotonin, both of which are important neurotransmitters. ^[4]

Diagnosis

There are three core diagnostic tools: ^[1]

1. molecular genetics - proving compound heterozygous or homozygous disease causing variants in the DDC gene
2. CSF examination - low levels of 5-HIAA, HVA, and MHPG, increased levels of 3-OMD, L-DOPA and 5-HTP, and normal levels of pterins
3. serum examination - decreased AADC enzyme activity

To establish the diagnosis of AADCD, patient must have positive genetic testing (1st criterion) while also fulfilling either one of the other two criterions.

Elevated 3-OMD levels in serum can be used as a simple and sensitive screening test, positive result of which must be confirmed by the diagnostic criteria above. ^[1]

Treatment

There is no cure for aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency, but medical and multidisciplinary treatment can relieve some of the symptoms.^{[ medical citation needed ]} Individuals will require physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and speech and language therapy.^{[ medical citation needed ]} Some will need enteral feeding (for example, a gastrostomy or jejunostomy) due to difficulties with chewing and swallowing.^{[ medical citation needed ]}

Various medications can help compensate for the missing neurotransmitters. Dopamine agonists such as rotigotine or pramipexole and monoamine oxidase inhibitors such as selegiline are commonly used.^{[ medical citation needed ]} Individuals may also need to take a range of other medications to control dyskinesia, constipation and other symptoms. ^[1]

In July 2021, results of a small gene therapy phase I study reported observation of dopamine restoration on seven participants between 4 and 9 years old. ^{[5] [6] [7]}

In July 2022, the gene therapy product eladocagene exuparvovec was approved in the European Union for use in patients aged 18 months or older. ^[8]

References

1. Wassenberg T, Molero-Luis M, Jeltsch K, Hoffmann GF, Assmann B, Blau N, et al. (January 2017). "Consensus guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency". Orphanet J Rare Dis. 12 (1) 12. doi: 10.1186/s13023-016-0522-z . PMC   5241937 . PMID   28100251.
2. Korenke, GC; Christen, HJ; Hyland, K; Hunneman, DH; Hanefeld, F (1997). "Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency: an extrapyramidal movement disorder with oculogyric crises". Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 1 (2–3): 67–71. doi:10.1016/S1090-3798(97)80065-7. PMID   10728198.
3. Montioli, Riccardo; Dindo, Mirco; Giorgetti, Alejandro; Piccoli, Stefano; Cellini, Barbara; Voltattorni, Carla Borri (2014). "A comprehensive picture of the mutations associated with aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency: From molecular mechanisms to therapy implications". Human Molecular Genetics. 23 (20): 5429–5440. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddu266 . PMID   24865461.
4. Montioli, Riccardo; Borri Voltattorni, Carla (2021-03-19). "Aromatic Amino Acid Decarboxylase Deficiency: The Added Value of Biochemistry". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22 (6): 3146. doi: 10.3390/ijms22063146 . ISSN   1422-0067. PMC   8003434 . PMID   33808712.
5. Pearson TS, Gupta N, San Sebastian W, Imamura-Ching J, Viehoever A, Grijalvo-Perez A, et al. (July 2021). "Gene therapy for aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency by MR-guided direct delivery of AAV2-AADC to midbrain dopaminergic neurons". Nature Communications. 12 (1) 4251. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.4251P. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24524-8. ISSN   2041-1723. PMC   8275582 . PMID   34253733.
6. Ibrahim, Mennatalla (2021-07-14). "Gene therapy restores missing dopamine in children with rare brain disease". Science. Retrieved 2021-07-18.
7. "Gene therapy trial points to a wider window to alter course of rare disease". STAT. 2021-07-12. Retrieved 2021-07-18.
8. Keam, S. J. (2022). "Eladocagene Exuparvovec: First Approval". Drugs. 82 (13): 1427–1432. doi:10.1007/s40265-022-01775-3. PMID   36103022. S2CID   252213561.