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Nanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology. Nanomedicine ranges from the medical applications of nanomaterials and biological devices,to nanoelectronic biosensors,and even possible future applications of molecular nanotechnology such as biological machines. Current problems for nanomedicine involve understanding the issues related to toxicity and environmental impact of nanoscale materials.
Nanosensors are nanoscale devices that measure physical quantities and convert these to signals that can be detected and analyzed. There are several ways proposed today to make nanosensors;these include top-down lithography,bottom-up assembly,and molecular self-assembly. There are different types of nanosensors in the market and in development for various applications,most notably in defense,environmental,and healthcare industries. These sensors share the same basic workflow:a selective binding of an analyte,signal generation from the interaction of the nanosensor with the bio-element,and processing of the signal into useful metrics.
Nanomaterials describe,in principle,materials of which a single unit is sized between 1 and 100 nm.
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The impact of nanotechnology extends from its medical,ethical,mental,legal and environmental applications,to fields such as engineering,biology,chemistry,computing,materials science,and communications.
Nanotoxicology is the study of the toxicity of nanomaterials. Because of quantum size effects and large surface area to volume ratio,nanomaterials have unique properties compared with their larger counterparts that affect their toxicity. Of the possible hazards,inhalation exposure appears to present the most concern,with animal studies showing pulmonary effects such as inflammation,fibrosis,and carcinogenicity for some nanomaterials. Skin contact and ingestion exposure are also a concern.
As the world's energy demand continues to grow,the development of more efficient and sustainable technologies for generating and storing energy is becoming increasingly important. According to Dr. Wade Adams from Rice University,energy will be the most pressing problem facing humanity in the next 50 years and nanotechnology has potential to solve this issue. Nanotechnology,a relatively new field of science and engineering,has shown promise to have a significant impact on the energy industry. Nanotechnology is defined as any technology that contains particles with one dimension under 100 nanometers in length. For scale,a single virus particle is about 100 nanometers wide.
Thalappil Pradeep is an institute professor and professor of chemistry in the Department of Chemistry at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras. He is also the Deepak Parekh Chair Professor. In 2020 he received the Padma Shri award for his distinguished work in the field of Science and Technology. He has received the Nikkei Asia Prize (2020),The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) prize (2018),and the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology in 2008 by Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.
Green nanotechnology refers to the use of nanotechnology to enhance the environmental sustainability of processes producing negative externalities. It also refers to the use of the products of nanotechnology to enhance sustainability. It includes making green nano-products and using nano-products in support of sustainability.
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Nanomaterials can be both incidental and engineered. Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are nanoparticles that are made for use,are defined as materials with dimensions between 1 and 100nm,for example in cosmetics or pharmaceuticals like zinc oxide and TiO2 as well as microplastics. Incidental nanomaterials are found from sources such as cigarette smoke and building demolition. Engineered nanoparticles have become increasingly important for many applications in consumer and industrial products,which has resulted in an increased presence in the environment. This proliferation has instigated a growing body of research into the effects of nanoparticles on the environment. Natural nanoparticles include particles from natural processes like dust storms,volcanic eruptions,forest fires,and ocean water evaporation.
Platinum nanoparticles are usually in the form of a suspension or colloid of nanoparticles of platinum in a fluid,usually water. A colloid is technically defined as a stable dispersion of particles in a fluid medium.
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Nanoremediationis the use of nanoparticles for environmental remediation. It is being explored to treat ground water,wastewater,soil,sediment,or other contaminated environmental materials. Nanoremediation is an emerging industry;by 2009,nanoremediation technologies had been documented in at least 44 cleanup sites around the world,predominantly in the United States. In Europe,nanoremediation is being investigated by the EC funded NanoRem Project. A report produced by the NanoRem consortium has identified around 70 nanoremediation projects worldwide at pilot or full scale. During nanoremediation,a nanoparticle agent must be brought into contact with the target contaminant under conditions that allow a detoxifying or immobilizing reaction. This process typically involves a pump-and-treat process or in situ application.
Liquid-phase electron microscopy refers to a class of methods for imaging specimens in liquid with nanometer spatial resolution using electron microscopy. LP-EM overcomes the key limitation of electron microscopy:since the electron optics requires a high vacuum,the sample must be stable in a vacuum environment. Many types of specimens relevant to biology,materials science,chemistry,geology,and physics,however,change their properties when placed in a vacuum.
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Nanoinformatics is the application of informatics to nanotechnology. It is an interdisciplinary field that develops methods and software tools for understanding nanomaterials,their properties,and their interactions with biological entities,and using that information more efficiently. It differs from cheminformatics in that nanomaterials usually involve nonuniform collections of particles that have distributions of physical properties that must be specified. The nanoinformatics infrastructure includes ontologies for nanomaterials,file formats,and data repositories.
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- ↑ Gao, Qian; Keller, Arturo A. (January 8, 2021). "Redesigning Water Disinfection Using Recyclable Nanomaterials and Metal Ions: Evaluation with Escherichia coli". ACS ES&T Water. 1 (1): 185–194. doi: 10.1021/acsestwater.0c00066 . S2CID 224949410.
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- ↑ Keller, Arturo A.; Wang, Hongtao; Zhou, Dongxu; Lenihan, Hunter S.; Cherr, Gary; Cardinale, Bradley J.; Miller, Robert; Ji, Zhaoxia (March 15, 2010). "Stability and Aggregation of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Natural Aqueous Matrices". Environmental Science & Technology. 44 (6): 1962–1967. Bibcode:2010EnST...44.1962K. doi:10.1021/es902987d. PMID 20151631 – via CrossRef.
- ↑ Adeleye, Adeyemi S.; Conway, Jon R.; Perez, Thomas; Rutten, Paige; Keller, Arturo A. (November 4, 2014). "Influence of Extracellular Polymeric Substances on the Long-Term Fate, Dissolution, and Speciation of Copper-Based Nanoparticles". Environmental Science & Technology. 48 (21): 12561–12568. Bibcode:2014EnST...4812561A. doi:10.1021/es5033426. PMID 25295836. S2CID 5423241 – via CrossRef.
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- ↑ Su, Yiming; Zhou, Xuefei; Meng, Huan; Xia, Tian; Liu, Haizhou; Rolshausen, Philippe; Roper, Caroline; McLean, Joan E.; Zhang, Yalei; Keller, Arturo A.; Jassby, David (December 2, 2022). "Cost–benefit analysis of nanofertilizers and nanopesticides emphasizes the need to improve the efficiency of nanoformulations for widescale adoption". Nature Food. 3 (12): 1020–1030. doi:10.1038/s43016-022-00647-z. PMID 37118298. S2CID 254176813 – via www.nature.com.
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- ↑ Zhao, L.; Huang, Y.; Hu, J.; Zhou, H.; Adeleye, A. S.; Keller, A. A. (2016). "1H NMR and GC-MS Based Metabolomics Reveal Defense and Detoxification Mechanism of Cucumber Plant under Nano-Cu Stress | Environmental Science & Technology". Environmental Science & Technology. 50 (4): 2000–2010. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05011 . PMID 26751164. S2CID 206553906.
- ↑ Zhao, Lijuan; Hu, Jerry; Huang, Yuxiong; Wang, Hongtao; Adeleye, Adeyemi; Ortiz, Cruz; Keller, Arturo A. (January 2, 2017). "1H NMR and GC-MS based metabolomics reveal nano-Cu altered cucumber (Cucumis sativus) fruit nutritional supply". Plant Physiology and Biochemistry: PPB. 110: 138–146. doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.02.010 . PMID 26922143. S2CID 19447105.
- ↑ Zhao, Lijuan; Ortiz, Cruz; Adeleye, Adeyemi S.; Hu, Qirui; Zhou, Hongjun; Huang, Yuxiong; Keller, Arturo A. (September 6, 2016). "Metabolomics to Detect Response of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) to Cu(OH)2 Nanopesticides: Oxidative Stress Response and Detoxification Mechanisms". Environmental Science & Technology. 50 (17): 9697–9707. Bibcode:2016EnST...50.9697Z. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02763 . PMID 27483188. S2CID 206560644.
- ↑ Zhao, Lijuan; Hu, Qirui; Huang, Yuxiong; Fulton, Aaron N.; Hannah-Bick, Cameron; Adeleye, Adeyemi S.; Keller, Arturo A. (August 10, 2017). "Activation of antioxidant and detoxification gene expression in cucumber plants exposed to a Cu(OH)2 nanopesticide". Environmental Science: Nano. 4 (8): 1750–1760. doi:10.1039/C7EN00358G. S2CID 51836842 – via pubs.rsc.org.
- ↑ Zhao, Lijuan; Huang, Yuxiong; Adeleye, Adeyemi S.; Keller, Arturo A. (September 5, 2017). "Metabolomics Reveals Cu(OH) 2 Nanopesticide-Activated Anti-oxidative Pathways and Decreased Beneficial Antioxidants in Spinach Leaves". Environmental Science & Technology. 51 (17): 10184–10194. Bibcode:2017EnST...5110184Z. doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b02163. PMID 28738142. S2CID 206570926 – via CrossRef.
- ↑ Keller, Arturo A.; Chen, Xiaoli; Fox, Jessica; Fulda, Matt; Dorsey, Rebecca; Seapy, Briana; Glenday, Julia; Bray, Erin (June 17, 2014). "Attenuation Coefficients for Water Quality Trading". Environmental Science & Technology. 48 (12): 6788–6794. Bibcode:2014EnST...48.6788K. doi:10.1021/es500202x. PMID 24866482. S2CID 35513880 – via CrossRef.
- ↑ Lee, Mengshan; Keller, Arturo A.; Chiang, Pen-Chi; Den, Walter; Wang, Hongtao; Hou, Chia-Hung; Wu, Jiang; Wang, Xin; Yan, Jinyue (November 1, 2017). "Water-energy nexus for urban water systems: A comparative review on energy intensity and environmental impacts in relation to global water risks". Applied Energy. 205: 589–601. Bibcode:2017ApEn..205..589L. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.08.002. S2CID 13644768 – via ScienceDirect.
- ↑ Wang, Hongtao; Yang, Yi; Keller, Arturo A.; Li, Xiang; Feng, Shijin; Dong, Ya-nan; Li, Fengting (December 15, 2016). "Comparative analysis of energy intensity and carbon emissions in wastewater treatment in USA, Germany, China and South Africa". Applied Energy. 184: 873–881. Bibcode:2016ApEn..184..873W. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.07.061 – via ScienceDirect.
- ↑ Gu, Yifan; Dong, Ya-nan; Wang, Hongtao; Keller, Arturo; Xu, Jin; Chiramba, Thomas; Li, Fengting (January 1, 2016). "Quantification of the water, energy and carbon footprints of wastewater treatment plants in China considering a water–energy nexus perspective". Ecological Indicators. 60: 402–409. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.07.012. S2CID 54079351 – via ScienceDirect.
- ↑ Gu, Yifan; Xu, Jin; Keller, Arturo A.; Yuan, Dazhi; Li, Yi; Zhang, Bei; Weng, Qianting; Zhang, Xiaolei; Deng, Ping; Wang, Hongtao; Li, Fengting (April 1, 2015). "Calculation of water footprint of the iron and steel industry: a case study in Eastern China". Journal of Cleaner Production. 92: 274–281. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.12.094. S2CID 154590239 – via ScienceDirect.
- ↑ Keller, Arturo A.; Tellinghuisen, Stacy; Lee, Cheryl; Larson, Dana; Dennen, Bliss; Lee, James (2010). "Projection of California's Future Freshwater Requirements for Power Generation". Energy & Environment. 21 (2): 1–20. Bibcode:2010EnEnv..21....1K. doi:10.1260/0958-305X.21.2.1. S2CID 154346357.