Australian Capital Territory general election, 2004

Last updated
Australian Capital Territory general election, 2004
Flag of the Australian Capital Territory.svg
←  2001 16 October 2004 2008  →
All 17 seats of the unicameral Legislative Assembly
 First partySecond party
  JonStanhope2006.jpg Brendan Smyth Wanniassa head.jpg
Leader Jon Stanhope Brendan Smyth
Party Labor Liberal
Leader since19 March 199825 November 2002
Leader's seat Ginninderra Molonglo
Last election8 seats7 seats
Seats won9 seats7 seats
Seat changeIncrease2.svg1Steady2.svg0
Percentage46.8%34.8%
SwingIncrease2.svg5.1Increase2.svg3.2
Chief Minister before election

Jon Stanhope
Labor

Elected Chief Minister

Jon Stanhope
Labor

Elections to the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly were held on Saturday, 16 October 2004. The incumbent Labor Party, led by Jon Stanhope, was challenged by the Liberal Party, led by Brendan Smyth. Candidates were elected to fill three multi-member electorates using a single transferable vote method, known as the Hare-Clark system. The result was a clear majority of nine seats in the 17-member unicameral Assembly for Labor. It marked the first and so far only time in the history of ACT self-government that one party was able to win a majority in its own right. Stanhope was elected Chief Minister at the first sitting of the sixth Assembly on 4 November 2004. [1] The election was conducted by the ACT Electoral Commission and was the second time in Australia's history that an electronic voting and counting system was used for some, but not all, polling places, expanding on the initial trial of the system at the 2001 ACT election. [2]

The Australian Labor Party , commonly known as ACT Labor, is the ACT branch of the Australian Labor Party. It is one of two major parties in the unicameral Parliament of the Australian Capital Territory.

Jon Stanhope former Australian politician; Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory; Administrator of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories

Jonathan Donald Stanhope is a former Australian politician who was Labor Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory from 2001 to 2011. Stanhope represented the Ginninderra electorate in the ACT Legislative Assembly from 1998 until 2011. He is the only ACT Chief Minister to have governed with a majority in the ACT Assembly. From 2012 to 2014 Stanhope was Administrator of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories, which consists of Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands.

Brendan Smyth (politician) Australian politician

Brendan Michael Smyth is a former Australian politician, who was a member of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly representing the electorate of Brindabella for the Liberal Party from 1998 until 2016. From 2002 to 2006 Smyth was the ACT Leader of the Opposition and served briefly as the Deputy Chief Minister during 2000 and 2001. He has held the ACT portfolios Urban Services, Business, Tourism and the Arts, and Police and Emergency Services.

Contents

Key dates

[3]

The electoral roll is a list of persons who are eligible to vote in a particular electoral district and who are registered to vote, if required in a particular jurisdiction. An electoral roll has a number of functions, especially to streamline voting on election day. Voter registration is also used to combat electoral fraud by enabling authorities to verify an applicant's identity and entitlement to a vote, and to ensure a person doesn't vote multiple times. In jurisdictions where voting is compulsory, the electoral roll is used to indicate who has failed to vote. Most jurisdictions maintain permanent electoral rolls while some jurisdictions compile new electoral rolls before each election. In some jurisdictions, people to be selected for jury or other civil duties are chosen from an electoral roll.

Overview

The incumbent centre-left Labor Party, led by Chief Minister Jon Stanhope, attempted to win re-election for a second term after coming to power in 2001. Labor was challenged by the opposition centre-right Liberal Party, led by Brendan Smyth, who assumed the Liberal leadership in November 2002. A third party, the ACT Greens, held one seat in the Assembly through retiring member, Kerrie Tucker.

ACT Greens political party in the Australian Capital Territory

The ACT Greens is a green political party located in the Australian Capital Territory, and a member of the federation of the Australian Greens.

Kerrie Robyn Tucker, former Australian politician, environmental and human rights activist, was a member of the unicameral Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly representing the multi-member electorate of Molonglo for the ACT Greens between 1995 and 2001. Tucker was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the Australian Senate representing the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) for the Australian Greens at the 1993, 2004, and 2007 federal elections.

The election saw all 17 members of the Assembly face re-election, with members being elected by the Hare-Clark system of proportional representation. The Assembly is divided into three electorates: five-member Brindabella (including Tuggeranong and parts of the Woden Valley) and Ginninderra (including Belconnen and suburbs) and seven-member Molonglo (including North Canberra, South Canberra, Gungahlin, Weston Creek, and the remainder of the Woden Valley). Election dates are set in statute to occur once every four years; the government has no ability to set the election date.

Proportional representation (PR) characterizes electoral systems in which divisions in an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body. If n% of the electorate support a particular political party, then roughly n% of seats will be won by that party. The essence of such systems is that all votes contribute to the result - not just a plurality, or a bare majority. The most prevalent forms of proportional representation all require the use of multiple-member voting districts, as it is not possible to fill a single seat in a proportional manner. In fact, the implementations of PR that achieve the highest levels of proportionality tend to include districts with large numbers of seats.

Brindabella electorate electorate of the Australian Capital Territory

The Brindabella electorate is one of the five electorates for the unicameral 25-member Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly. It elects five members, and is the largest of the electorates in geographic area.

Tuggeranong Cadastral in Australian Capital Territory

The District of Tuggeranong is one of the original eighteen districts of the Australian Capital Territory used in land administration. The district is subdivided into divisions (suburbs), sections and blocks and is the southernmost town centre of Canberra, the capital city of Australia. The district comprises nineteen suburbs and occupies 117 square kilometres (45 sq mi) to the east of the Murrumbidgee River.

Following the 2001 election outcome, Labor held eight seats; the opposition Liberal Party held seven seats; with the Greens holding a further one seat; and the Democrats also holding one seat. In September 2002, Helen Cross resigned from the Liberal Party, and remained in the Assembly, sitting as an independent. [4] Gary Humphries, the former Liberal leader, resigned from the Assembly on 25 November 2002 to fill a casual vacancy in the Australian Senate following the resignation of Margaret Reid. Humphries was replaced in the Assembly by Jacqui Burke who was sworn in on 18 February 2003.

Australian Democrats Australian political party

The Australian Democrats was a centrist political party which held many seats in the Australian Senate and several state and territory legislatures between 1977 and 2008. It was Australia's largest minor party from its formation in 1977 through to 2004, and frequently held the balance of power in the Senate during that time. The party's share of the vote collapsed at the 2004 election and was further diminished in 2007 with the last senators leaving office in 2008.

Helen Cross is an Australian politician and was a member of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly representing the electorate of Molonglo, initially for the Liberal Party, and then later as an Independent. Cross was elected to the ACT Legislative Assembly at the 2001 election. On 23 September 2002, she resigned from the Liberal Party and remained in the Assembly, from 27 September 2002, as an independent member. Cross ran on her own ticket of the 'Helen Cross Independents' at the 2004 ACT general election; however, she was unsuccessful in defending her seat.

Gary Humphries Australian politician

Gary John Joseph Humphries is a Deputy President of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal. He was a member of the Australian Senate representing the Australian Capital Territory for the Liberal Party of Australia from 2003 to 2013. He was the Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory from 2000 to 2001; and was elected to the first parliament of the Australian Capital Territory, in 1989, later representing the Molonglo electorate until 2003.

Candidates

[5] Sitting members at the time of the election are in bold. Tickets that elected at least one MLA are highlighted in the relevant colour. Successful candidates are indicated by an asterisk (*).

Retiring Members

Labor

Liberal

Brindabella

Five seats were up for election. The Labor Party was defending three seats. The Liberal Party was defending two seats.

Labor Candidates Liberal Candidates Greens Candidates Democrats Candidates LDP Candidates CDP CandidatesUngrouped Candidates
 

Mick Gentleman*
John Hargreaves *
Paschal Leahy
Rebecca Logue
Karin MacDonald *

Steve Doszpot
Steve Pratt *
Megan Purcell
Karen Schilling
Brendan Smyth *

Graham Jensen
Kathryn Kelly

Rowena Bew
Marc Emerson

David Garrett
Matthew Harding

Erol Byrne
Thelma Janes

Burl Doble (Ind)
Stephanie Elliott (FRC)
Lance Muir (EQP)

Ginninderra

Five seats were up for election. The Labor Party was defending two seats. The Liberal Party was defending two seats. The Australian Democrats were defending one seat.

Labor Candidates Liberal Candidates Greens Candidates Democrats Candidates LDP Candidates Hird Inds Candidates Free Range Candidates
 

Wayne Berry *
Ross Maxwell
Susan McCarthy
Mary Porter*
Jon Stanhope *

Briant Clark
Vicki Dunne *
Ilona Fraser
Bob Sobey
Bill Stefaniak *

Meredith Hunter
Ben O'Callaghan

Roslyn Dundas
Roberta Wood

Rose Pappalardo
Adam Porter

Harold Hird
Julie-Anne Papathanasiou

Anne Moore
Mike O'Shaughnessy

Group E CandidatesUngrouped Candidates
 

John Gorman
Darcy Henry

John Simsons (EQP)

Molonglo

Seven seats were up for election. The Labor Party was defending three seats. The Liberal Party had won three seats in 2001 but after Helen Cross's departure from the party in 2002 was defending two seats. The Greens were defending one seat. Helen Cross was also defending her seat with an independent list.

Labor Candidates Liberal Candidates Greens Candidates Democrats Candidates LDP Candidates Cross Inds Candidates Free Range Candidates
 

Andrew Barr
Adina Cirson
Simon Corbell *
Katy Gallagher *
Mike Hettinger
Ted Quinlan *
Kim Sattler

Lucille Bailie
Jacqui Burke *
Ron Forrester
David Kibbey
Richard Mulcahy*
Gordon Scott
Zed Seselja*

Amanda Bresnan
Deb Foskey*
Charlie Pahlman

Fred Leftwich
Robert Rose

John Humphreys
Melanie Sutcliffe

Helen Cross
Renee Stramandinoli

Simone Gray
Jo McKinley

Equality CandidatesGroup C CandidatesUngrouped Candidates
 

Nancy-Louise McCullough
Jonathon Reynolds

John Farrell
Robert Fearn

Tony Farrell
Luke Garner
Ken Helm
Kurt Kennedy

Results

On election night 16 October 2004, four hours after the close of polling, with 78 per cent of the vote counted, Liberal leader, Brendan Smyth, conceded defeat to Labor. [6] Smyth conceded that the incumbent Labor Government had been returned for a second term and appeared set to win the Territory's first ever majority mandate. Labor had obtained 47 per cent of the vote across the ACT, with the Liberals at 34.8 per cent and the Greens at 9.2 per cent. Swings were recorded towards Labor (+5.3 per cent), Liberal (+3.2 per cent) and the ACT Greens (+0.1 per cent). Support for the Democrats collapsed and they lost their one and only seat. [7] [8] [9] [10] Counting continued up until 27 October 2004, [11] when all preferences were distributed, resulting in Labor winning nine seats, the Liberals winning seven seats, while the Greens won one seat. The ACT Electoral Commission determined and announced the election's final results on 29 October 2004. [12] [13] The result marked the first time in the history of ACT self-government that one party was able to win a majority in its own right.

In Brindabella, Labor retained its three seats and the Liberals retained its two seats. Government minister John Hargreaves and backbencher Karin MacDonald were re-elected; with Mick Gentleman replacing the retired former Government minister Bill Wood. For the Liberal Party, leader Brendan Smyth and shadow minister Steve Pratt were both re-elected. [12]

Labor gained a seat in Ginninderra, where Democrats sitting member Roslyn Dundas unsuccessfully sought re-election. The Liberals retained their two seats. Chief Minister Jon Stanhope and Labor Speaker Wayne Berry were both re-elected, with Mary Porter winning the additional seat for Labor. Both Bill Stefaniak and Vicki Dunne retained their seats for the Liberal Party. [12]

In seven-member Molonglo, there was no change to representation from the 2001 ACT election with both Labor and the Liberals retaining three seats, and the Greens retaining one seat. Labor Deputy Chief Minister Ted Quinlan, and ministers Katy Gallagher and Simon Corbell all won re-election. The Liberal benches saw the re-election of one member, Jacqui Burke and two new members, Zed Seselja and Richard Mulcahy; following the retirement of longserving member and former Speaker, Greg Cornwell. Helen Cross, elected as a Liberal member at the 2001 ACT election, resigned from the Liberal Party in September 2002 to become an independent. Cross failed to get re-elected at the 2004 ACT election. The Greens sitting member, Kerrie Tucker, resigned from the Assembly less than one month before the election. The Greens endorsed Deb Foskey, who was elected as the sole Green in the Assembly. [12]

ElectorateSeats held
Brindabella      
Ginninderra      
Molonglo        

Electronic voting and counting system

Overview

The ACT's electronic voting system was first used at the 2001 election and was again used at the 2004 election. The system used standard personal computers as voting terminals, with voters using a barcode to authenticate their votes. Voting terminals were linked to a server in each polling location using a secure local area network. No votes were taken or transmitted over a public network like the Internet. The electronic voting system was used in the pre-poll voting centres, which were open for three weeks before polling day, and which opened on election day as ordinary polling places. In polling places that did not have electronic voting, voters used traditional paper ballots. In electronic polling places, voters were given a choice of voting electronically or on paper. [2]

Electronic counting, which combines the counting of electronic votes and paper ballots, was first used in the ACT at the 2001 election and was again used in the 2004 election. In 2001 and 2004, preferences shown on paper ballots were data-entered by two independent operators, electronically checked for errors, and manually corrected if required. This data was then combined with the results of the electronic voting, and the computer program distributed preferences under the ACT's Hare-Clark electoral system. The software for the electronic voting and counting system was built using Linux open source software, which was chosen specifically for the electoral system to ensure that election software is open and transparent and could be made available to scrutineers, candidates and other participants in the electoral process. [2]

2004 statistics

In 2004, a total of 28,169 electronic votes were recorded at four pre-poll voting centres and at eight polling places on polling day. This number of electronic votes represented a 70 per cent increase on the 16,559 electronic votes cast at the 2001 election. The proportion of electronic votes in relation to all votes counted increased from 8.3 per cent in 2001 to 13.4 per cent in 2004. At each electronic polling place the number of voting machines was increased from ten in 2001 to at least fifteen in 2004 to ensure that those that wished to use computers to vote could do so with minimal queues. The ACT Electoral Commission claims that interim results for 20,722 votes using the electronic voting system were available through the Commission's website by ten minutes after the close of polls on polling night. [14] Later in the night, a further 7,447 electronic votes cast were made available. Before 10:00pm, interim preference results from all formal electronic votes cast were available, representing 13.6 per cent of all formal votes. Based on these, and other results, the Commission claims that commentators were able to accurately predict the election outcome. [14] Of the seventeen candidates indicated as elected on election night using the 27,849 formal electronic votes, sixteen were ultimately elected. Only one candidate indicated as elected on election night was not ultimately successful – Labor candidate Andrew Barr was the last candidate indicated as elected in Molonglo on election night. After the full distribution of all preferences, the last position in Molonglo was taken by Liberal candidate Zed Seselja. [14]

See also

Related Research Articles

Electoral system of Australia

The Australian electoral system comprises the laws and processes used for the election of members of the Australian Parliament. The system presently has a number of distinctive features including compulsory enrolment, compulsory voting, majority-preferential instant-runoff voting in single-member seats to elect the lower house, the House of Representatives, and the use of the single transferable vote proportional representation system to elect the upper house, the Senate.

Queensland Greens

The Queensland Greens is a Green party in the Australian state of Queensland, and a member of the federation of the Australian Greens. The Greens were first founded in Queensland as the Brisbane Green Party in late 1984 about a month after the Sydney Greens. The Brisbane Green Party contested the March 1985 Brisbane City Council elections with four ward candidates and Drew Hutton as mayoral candidate. Hutton received 4 per cent across the city and the ward candidates received approximately 7-10 per cent. Some time after the collapse of the Brisbane Greens, a Green Independent campaign stood a further range of candidates in the Queensland state election, 1989.

Elections to the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly were held on Saturday, 4 March 1989. This was the first direct election by voters in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) for their own legislative body.

Elections to the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly were held on Saturday, 18 February 1995. The incumbent Labor Party, led by Rosemary Follett, was challenged by the Liberal Party, led by Kate Carnell. For the first time, candidates were elected to fill three multi-member electorates using a single transferable vote method, known as the Hare-Clark system. The result was another hung parliament. However the Liberals, with the largest representation in the 17-member unicameral Assembly, formed Government with the support of Michael Moore and Paul Osborne. Carnell was elected Chief Minister at the first sitting of the third Assembly on 9 March 1995.

Elections to the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly were held on Saturday, 21 February 1998. The incumbent Liberal Party, led by Kate Carnell, was challenged by the Labor Party, led by Wayne Berry. Candidates were elected to fill three multi-member electorates using a single transferable vote method, known as the Hare-Clark system. The result was another hung parliament. However the Liberals, with the largest representation in the 17-member unicameral Assembly, formed Government with the support of Michael Moore, Paul Osborne, and Dave Rugendyke. Carnell was elected Chief Minister at the first sitting of the fourth Assembly on 19 March 1998.

2001 Australian Capital Territory general election

Elections to the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly were held on Saturday, 20 October 2001. The incumbent Liberal Party, led by Gary Humphries, was challenged by the Labor Party, led by Jon Stanhope. Candidates were elected to fill three multi-member electorates using a single transferable vote method, known as the Hare-Clark system. The result was another hung parliament. However Labor, with the largest representation in the 17-member unicameral Assembly, formed Government with the support of the ACT Greens and Democrats. Stanhope was elected Chief Minister at the first sitting of the fifth Assembly on 12 November 2001. The election was conducted by the ACT Electoral Commission and was the first time in Australia's history that an electronic voting and counting system was used for some, but not all, polling places.

2010 Victorian state election

The 2010 Victorian state election, held on Saturday, 27 November 2010, was for the 57th Parliament of Victoria. The election was to elect all 88 members of the Legislative Assembly and all 40 members of the Legislative Council. The incumbent centre-left Labor Party government, led by John Brumby, was defeated by the centre-right Liberal/National Coalition opposition, led by Ted Baillieu. The election gave the Coalition a one-seat majority in both houses of parliament.

2008 Australian Capital Territory general election

Elections to the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly were held on Saturday, 18 October 2008. The incumbent Labor Party, led by Jon Stanhope, was challenged by the Liberal Party, led by Zed Seselja. Candidates were elected to fill three multi-member electorates using a single transferable vote method, known as the Hare-Clark system. The result was another hung parliament with Labor winning seven seats, the Liberals six seats and the Greens finishing with four seats, giving the Greens the balance of power in the 17-member unicameral Assembly. On 31 October 2008, after almost two weeks of deliberations, the Greens chose to support a Labor minority government. Consequently, Labor was re-elected to a third consecutive term of government in the ACT. Stanhope was elected Chief Minister at the first sitting of the seventh Assembly on 5 November 2008.

Shane Stephen Rattenbury, Australian politician and former Speaker of the ACT Legislative Assembly, is a member of the multi-member unicameral Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly representing the electorate of Molonglo for the ACT Greens since 2008. He was the first Speaker in any Parliament in the world representing a Green political party.

Amanda Bresnan politician from Australia

Amanda Bresnan is an Australian politician and a member of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly. Bresnan was elected to the ACT Legislative Assembly representing the electorate of Brindabella for the ACT Greens at the 2008 election and defeated at the 2012 election

Meredith Hunter (politician) Australian politician

Meredith Hunter, Australian politician, is a former member of the multi-member unicameral Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly representing the electorate of Ginninderra for the ACT Greens from 2008 to 2012. She was also the Parliamentary Convenor of the ACT Greens.

Caroline Le Couteur is an Australian politician. She was elected to the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly representing the electorate of Molonglo for the ACT Greens at the 2008 election and defeated at the 2012 election In October 2016, she was re-elected to the assembly representing the new electorate of Murrumbidgee.

2010 Tasmanian state election

The 2010 Tasmanian state election was held on 20 March 2010 to elect members to the Tasmanian House of Assembly. The 12-year incumbent Labor government, led by Premier of Tasmania David Bartlett, won a fourth consecutive term against the Liberal opposition, led by Will Hodgman, after Labor formed a minority government with the support of the Greens.

2014 Tasmanian state election

The 2014 Tasmanian state election was held on 15 March 2014 to elect all 25 members to the House of Assembly. The 16-year incumbent Labor government, led by the Premier of Tasmania Lara Giddings, sought to win a fifth consecutive term against the Liberal opposition, led by Opposition Leader Will Hodgman. Also contesting the election was the Greens led by Nick McKim. The Palmer United Party made a significant effort in the election.

2012 Australian Capital Territory general election

Elections to the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly occurred on Saturday, 20 October 2012. The 11-year incumbent Labor Party, led by Chief Minister Katy Gallagher, won a fourth term over the main opposition Liberal Party, led by opposition leader Zed Seselja.

2016 Australian Capital Territory general election elections

A general election for the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly was held on Saturday, 15 October 2016.

2018 Tasmanian state election state election in Tasmania, Australia

The 2018 Tasmanian state election was held on 3 March 2018 to elect all 25 members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly.

2017 Northcote state by-election by-election in Victoria, Australia

A by-election for the seat of Northcote in the Victorian Legislative Assembly was held on 18 November 2017. The by-election was triggered by the death of Labor Party MP Fiona Richardson on 23 August 2017. While the seat historically has firmly been in the Labor Party's hands since its inception in 1927, environmental issues, rising house prices and demographic trends have resulted in a stronger Greens vote at recent elections. The Liberal Party elected not to field a candidate.

Next Tasmanian state election

The next Tasmanian state election is scheduled to be held in or before 2022 to elect all 25 members to the House of Assembly.

References

  1. ↑ "Legislative Assembly for the ACT - Week 1". ACT Hansard . ACT Legislative Assembly. 2004-11-04. Retrieved 2010-08-08.
  2. 1 2 3 "Electronic voting and counting". ACT Electoral Commission. 2008. Archived from the original on 2011-02-18. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
  3. ↑ "Election timetable". ACT Legislative Assembly election - 2004. ACT Electoral Commission. 2004. Retrieved 2010-08-08.
  4. ↑ "Members of the ACT Legislative Assembly" (PDF). ACT Legislative Assembly. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-02.
  5. ↑ "Candidate list". 2004 Election. ACT Electoral Commission. 2004. Retrieved 2010-08-08.
  6. ↑ "Smyth concedes in ACT poll". ABC News online. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2004-10-16. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
  7. ↑ "List of elected candidates". 2004 Election. ACT Electoral Commission. 2004. Archived from the original on 2011-02-24. Retrieved 2010-08-08.
  8. ↑ "Stanhope claims 'unprecedented' ACT victory". ABC News online. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2004-10-16. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
  9. ↑ "Democrats look set for ACT wipeout". ABC News online. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2004-10-17. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
  10. ↑ "Stanhope celebrates 'historic win'". ABC News online. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2004-10-17. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
  11. ↑ "Foskey welcomes cross-bench role". ABC News online. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2004-10-28. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
  12. 1 2 3 4 "List of elected candidates". 2004 Election. ACT Electoral Commission. 2004. Archived from the original on 2011-02-24. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
  13. ↑ "ACT Assembly members officially declared". ABC News online. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2004-10-29. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
  14. 1 2 3 "Electronic Voting and Counting System - Review" (PDF). 2004 Election. ACT Electoral Commission. 2005-06-27. p. 18. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.