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Macular degeneration, also known as age-related macular degeneration, is a medical condition which may result in blurred or no vision in the center of the visual field. Early on there are often no symptoms. Over time, however, some people experience a gradual worsening of vision that may affect one or both eyes. While it does not result in complete blindness, loss of central vision can make it hard to recognize faces, drive, read, or perform other activities of daily life. Visual hallucinations may also occur.
Triamcinolone acetonide, sold under the brand name Kenalog among others, is a synthetic corticosteroid medication used topically to treat various skin conditions, to relieve the discomfort of mouth sores, and by injection into joints to treat various joint conditions. It is also injected into lesions to treat inflammation in some parts of the body, particularly the skin. In nasal spray form, it is used to treat allergic rhinitis. It is used for the treatment of macular edema associated with uveitis. It is a more potent derivative of triamcinolone, and is about eight times as potent as prednisone.
Anecortave (rINN) is a novel angiogenesis inhibitor used in the treatment of the exudative (wet) form of age-related macular degeneration. Although similar in chemical structure to the corticosteroid hydrocortisone acetate, it possesses no glucocorticoid activity. If it is approved, it will be marketed by Alcon as anecortave acetate for depot suspension under the trade name Retaane. No development has been reported since 2010.
Ranibizumab, sold under the brand name Lucentis among others, is a monoclonal antibody fragment (Fab) created from the same parent mouse antibody as bevacizumab. It is an anti-angiogenic that is approved to treat the "wet" type of age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and macular edema due to branch retinal vein occlusion or central retinal vein occlusion.
Pegaptanib sodium injection is an anti-angiogenic medicine for the treatment of neovascular (wet) age-related macular degeneration (AMD). It was discovered by NeXstar Pharmaceuticals and licensed in 2000 to EyeTech Pharmaceuticals, now OSI Pharmaceuticals, for late stage development and marketing in the United States. Gilead Sciences continues to receive royalties from the drugs licensing. Outside the US pegaptanib is marketed by Pfizer. Approval was granted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in December 2004.
Aflibercept, sold under the brand names Eylea and Zaltrap among others, is a medication used to treat wet macular degeneration and metastatic colorectal cancer. It was developed by Regeneron Pharmaceuticals.
Lampalizumab (INN) is an antigen-binding fragment of a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to complement factor D; it was developed as a potential treatment of geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration.
Enfortumab vedotin, sold under the brand name Padcev, is an antibody-drug conjugate used for the treatment of urothelial cancer. It is a nectin-4-directed antibody and microtubule inhibitor conjugate. Enfortumab refers to the monoclonal antibody part, and vedotin refers to the payload drug (MMAE) and the linker.
Anti–vascular endothelial growth factor therapy, also known as anti-VEGF therapy or medication, is the use of medications that block vascular endothelial growth factor. This is done in the treatment of certain cancers and in age-related macular degeneration. They can involve monoclonal antibodies such as bevacizumab, antibody derivatives such as ranibizumab (Lucentis), or orally-available small molecules that inhibit the tyrosine kinases stimulated by VEGF: sunitinib, sorafenib, axitinib, and pazopanib.
Brolucizumab sold under trade name Beovu among others, is a humanized single-chain antibody fragment for the treatment of neovascular (wet) age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
Tucatinib, sold under the brand name Tukysa, is an anticancer medication used for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer. It is a small molecule inhibitor of HER2. It was developed by Array BioPharma and licensed to Cascadian Therapeutics.
Geographic atrophy (GA), also known as atrophic age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or advanced dry AMD, is an advanced form of age-related macular degeneration that can result in the progressive and irreversible loss of retinal tissue (photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, choriocapillaris) which can lead to a loss of central vision over time. It is estimated that GA affects over 5 million people worldwide and approximately 1 million patients in the US, which is similar to the prevalence of neovascular (wet) AMD, the other advanced form of the disease.
Ravulizumab, sold under the brand name Ultomiris, is a humanized monoclonal antibody complement inhibitor medication designed for the treatment of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. It is designed to bind to and prevent the activation of Complement component 5 (C5).
Faricimab, sold under the brand name Vabysmo, is a monoclonal antibody used for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and diabetic macular edema (DME). Faricimab is the first bispecific monoclonal antibody to target both vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin 2 (Ang-2). By targeting these pathways, faricimab stabilizes blood vessels in the retina. It is given by intravitreal injection by an ophthalmologist.
Sutimlimab, sold under the brand name Enjaymo, is a monoclonal antibody that is used to treat adults with cold agglutinin disease (CAD). It is given by intravenous infusion. Sutimlimab prevents complement-enhanced activation of autoimmune human B cells in vitro.
Conbercept, sold under the commercial name Lumitin, is a novel vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor used to treat neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic macular edema (DME). The anti-VEGF was approved for the treatment of neovascular AMD by the China State FDA (CFDA) in December 2013. As of December 2020, conbercept is undergoing phase III clinical trials through the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s PANDA-1 and PANDA-2 development programs.
Pegcetacoplan, sold under the brand name Empaveli, among others, is a medication used to treat paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and geographic atrophy of the retina. Pegcetacoplan is a complement inhibitor.
Zilucoplan, sold under the brand name Zilbrysq, is a medication used for the treatment of generalized myasthenia gravis. It is a complement inhibitor that is injected subcutaneously.
Avacopan, sold under the brand name Tavneos, is a medication used to treat anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated vasculitis. Avacopan is a complement 5a receptor antagonist and a cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitor.
Iptacopan, sold under the brand name Fabhalta, is a medication used for the treatment of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). It is a complement factor B inhibitor that was developed by Novartis. It is taken by mouth.
References
- 1 2 3 "Izervay- avacincaptad pegol injection". DailyMed. 9 August 2023. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
- ↑ "Novel Drug Approvals for 2023". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 18 August 2023. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . - ↑ "Iveric Bio Receives U.S. FDA Approval for Izervay (avacincaptad pegol intravitreal solution), a New Treatment for Geographic Atrophy" (Press release). Astellas Pharma Inc. 4 August 2023. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023– via PR Newswire.
- ↑ Kang C (October 2023). "Avacincaptad Pegol: First Approval". Drugs. 83 (15): 1447–1453. doi:10.1007/s40265-023-01948-8. PMID 37814173. S2CID 263801918. Archived from the original on 27 April 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
- ↑ "Drug Approval Package: Izervay". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 1 September 2023. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
- ↑ World Health Organization (2016). "International nonproprietary names for pharmaceutical substances (INN): recommended INN: list 75". WHO Drug Information. 30 (1). hdl: 10665/331046 .
