Azra Bihorac

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Azra Bihorac, MD, MS (born April 2, 1965) is a Bosnian-American professor, nephrologist, and critical care intensivist who is the senior associate dean of research at the University of Florida College of Medicine [1] and the R. Glenn Davis Professor of Medicine, Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Physiology & Functional Genomics. [2] She co-founded the Intelligent Critical Care Center (IC3) research center at the University of Florida in 2021 with Parisa Rashidi.

Contents

Azra Bihorac
BornApril 2, 1965

Brčko, Yugoslavia

NationalityBosnian-American
EducationUniversity of Sarajevo (MD)

University of Florida (MS)

OccupationDoctor • Professor of medicine • Dean
Years active1990–Present
FieldNephrology • Intensive Care • Internal Medicine
InstitutionsUniversity of Florida Health Shands Hospital

University of Florida College of Medicine • Intelligent Critical Care Center (IC3)

Notable WorksBiomarkers of acute kidney injury (AKI) [3] [4]

Intensive Intelligent Care Unit (I2CU) [5] [6] • MySurgeryRisk [7] [8] [9]

DeepSOFA [10] [11]

Website https://ic3.center.ufl.edu/

Early life and education

Bihorac grew up near Brčko and earned her medical degree from the University of Sarajevo in 1990 [12] (a year before the Yugoslav Wars began) and started working at a hospital in Brčko. [13] On April 29, 1992, weeks after the start of the Bosnian War, Bihorac fled the Bosnian genocide by escaping across the Sava river with her son, her medical degree, and 2,000 deutschmarks "sown in the underlining of [her] trench coat." [14] At 5 a.m. the following morning, the Brčko bridge massacre occurred and killed 100 civilians crossing the bridge. [15]

Residencies and fellowships in Turkey and the United States

At Marmara University in Istanbul, Turkey, Bihorac was an internal medicine resident and a nephrology fellow. [12] [16]

In 2000, Bihorac came to the United States as a research fellow of the International Society of Nephrology and began a nephrology training fellowship at the University of Florida College of Medicine. [2] [16] After completing her fellowship at the University of Florida, she remained in the United States. "I got political asylum because I couldn't go back to Turkey, couldn't go back to Bosnia," Bihorac said, "so in order to practice medicine, I had to repeat all of my training." [16]

At the University of Florida, Bihorac began a residency in internal medicine in 2003 and a fellowship in critical care medicine in 2006. [12] She completed a Master of Science for Health Sciences in Clinical Research in 2011. [2] [12]

Research and writing

Since 2010, Bihorac's labs have received continuous funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). [17] Her research focuses on using artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning to augment patient diagnostics and monitoring in intensive care medicine. [17] [18] [19] Some of her most well-known work involves identifying biomarkers for acute kidney injury (AKI), treatment of AKI, and AI and machine learning techniques for predicting health outcomes for critically ill patients. As of May 2023, Bihorac's most cited publication is a 2013 study on AKI biomarkers, which has 812 citations. [20]

Under Bihorac's direction, the (IC3) at the University of Florida has gained attention for developments involving the use of AI to

Bihorac has edited or contributed chapters to the following textbooks:

Bihorac's work at the University of Florida has yielded more than 200 peer-reviewed scientific articles—including Scientific Reports , [23] Nature Reviews Nephrology , [24] [25] Critical Care , [3] PLOS ONE , [26] IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics , [27] Annals of Surgery , [7] [28] and JAMA Surgery [29] —and over 10,000 citations in other articles. [30]

Professional organizations

Bihorac is a Fellow of the American College of Critical Care Medicine (FCCM), [12] a designation given to "practitioners, researchers, administrators, and educators who have made outstanding contributions to the collaborative field of critical care." [31] She is also a Fellow of the American Society of Nephrology (FASN), [12] a designation given to members of the American Society of Nephrology "who have distinguished themselves through excellence in practice or research." [32]

Awards and honors

Personal life

Bihorac is married to surgeon Charles Hobson and lives in Gainesville, Florida, with their children. [36]

Related Research Articles

Nephrology is a specialty for both adult internal medicine and pediatric medicine that concerns the study of the kidneys, specifically normal kidney function and kidney disease, the preservation of kidney health, and the treatment of kidney disease, from diet and medication to renal replacement therapy. The word "renal" is an adjective meaning "relating to the kidneys", and its roots are French or late Latin. Whereas according to some opinions, "renal" and "nephro" should be replaced with "kidney" in scientific writings such as "kidney medicine" or "kidney replacement therapy", other experts have advocated preserving the use of renal and nephro as appropriate including in "nephrology" and "renal replacement therapy", respectively.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kidney dialysis</span> Removal of nitrogenous waste and toxins from the body in place of or to augment the kidney

Kidney dialysis is the process of removing excess water, solutes, and toxins from the blood in people whose kidneys can no longer perform these functions naturally. Along with kidney transplantation, it is a type of renal replacement therapy.

Internal medicine, also known as general internal medicine in Commonwealth nations, is a medical specialty for medical doctors focused on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of internal diseases in adults. Medical practitioners of internal medicine are referred to as internists, or physicians in Commonwealth nations. Internists possess specialized skills in managing patients with undifferentiated or multi-system disease processes. They provide care to both hospitalized (inpatient) and ambulatory (outpatient) patients and often contribute significantly to teaching and research. Internists are qualified physicians who have undergone postgraduate training in internal medicine, and should not be confused with "interns", a term commonly used for a medical doctor who has obtained a medical degree but does not yet have a license to practice medicine unsupervised.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhabdomyolysis</span> Human disease (condition) in which damaged skeletal muscle breaks down rapidly

Rhabdomyolysis is a condition in which damaged skeletal muscle breaks down rapidly, often due to high intensity exercise over a short period. Symptoms may include muscle pains, weakness, vomiting, and confusion. There may be tea-colored urine or an irregular heartbeat. Some of the muscle breakdown products, such as the protein myoglobin, are harmful to the kidneys and can cause acute kidney injury.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kidney failure</span> Disease where the kidneys fail to adequately filter waste products from the blood

Kidney failure, also known as renal failure or end-stage renal disease (ESRD), is a medical condition in which the kidneys can no longer adequately filter waste products from the blood, functioning at less than 15% of normal levels. Kidney failure is classified as either acute kidney failure, which develops rapidly and may resolve; and chronic kidney failure, which develops slowly and can often be irreversible. Symptoms may include leg swelling, feeling tired, vomiting, loss of appetite, and confusion. Complications of acute and chronic failure include uremia, hyperkalemia, and volume overload. Complications of chronic failure also include heart disease, high blood pressure, and anaemia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intensive care medicine</span> Medical care subspecialty, treating critically ill

Intensive care medicine, usually called critical care medicine, is a medical specialty that deals with seriously or critically ill patients who have, are at risk of, or are recovering from conditions that may be life-threatening. It includes providing life support, invasive monitoring techniques, resuscitation, and end-of-life care. Doctors in this specialty are often called intensive care physicians, critical care physicians, or intensivists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acute respiratory distress syndrome</span> Respiratory failure due to widespread inflammation in the lungs

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a type of respiratory failure characterized by rapid onset of widespread inflammation in the lungs. Symptoms include shortness of breath (dyspnea), rapid breathing (tachypnea), and bluish skin coloration (cyanosis). For those who survive, a decreased quality of life is common.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transplant rejection</span> Rejection of transplanted tissue by the recipients immune system

Transplant rejection occurs when transplanted tissue is rejected by the recipient's immune system, which destroys the transplanted tissue. Transplant rejection can be lessened by determining the molecular similitude between donor and recipient and by use of immunosuppressant drugs after transplant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kidney disease</span> Damage to or disease of a kidney

Kidney disease, or renal disease, technically referred to as nephropathy, is damage to or disease of a kidney. Nephritis is an inflammatory kidney disease and has several types according to the location of the inflammation. Inflammation can be diagnosed by blood tests. Nephrosis is non-inflammatory kidney disease. Nephritis and nephrosis can give rise to nephritic syndrome and nephrotic syndrome respectively. Kidney disease usually causes a loss of kidney function to some degree and can result in kidney failure, the complete loss of kidney function. Kidney failure is known as the end-stage of kidney disease, where dialysis or a kidney transplant is the only treatment option.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acute kidney injury</span> Sudden decrease in kidney function that develops within seven days

Acute kidney injury (AKI), previously called acute renal failure (ARF), is a sudden decrease in kidney function that develops within seven days, as shown by an increase in serum creatinine or a decrease in urine output, or both.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peritoneal dialysis</span> Blood purification procedure using the abdominal peritoneum

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a type of dialysis that uses the peritoneum in a person's abdomen as the membrane through which fluid and dissolved substances are exchanged with the blood. It is used to remove excess fluid, correct electrolyte problems, and remove toxins in those with kidney failure. Peritoneal dialysis has better outcomes than hemodialysis during the first two years. Other benefits include greater flexibility and better tolerability in those with significant heart disease.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metabolic acidosis</span> Imbalance in the bodys acid-base equilibrium

Metabolic acidosis is a serious electrolyte disorder characterized by an imbalance in the body's acid-base balance. Metabolic acidosis has three main root causes: increased acid production, loss of bicarbonate, and a reduced ability of the kidneys to excrete excess acids. Metabolic acidosis can lead to acidemia, which is defined as arterial blood pH that is lower than 7.35. Acidemia and acidosis are not mutually exclusive – pH and hydrogen ion concentrations also depend on the coexistence of other acid-base disorders; therefore, pH levels in people with metabolic acidosis can range from low to high.

A complication in medicine, or medical complication, is an unfavorable result of a disease, health condition, or treatment. Complications may adversely affect the prognosis, or outcome, of a disease. Complications generally involve a worsening in the severity of the disease or the development of new signs, symptoms, or pathological changes that may become widespread throughout the body and affect other organ systems. Thus, complications may lead to the development of new diseases resulting from previously existing diseases. Complications may also arise as a result of various treatments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gastrointestinal perforation</span> Hole in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract

Gastrointestinal perforation, also known as gastrointestinal rupture, is a hole in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. The gastrointestinal tract is composed of hollow digestive organs leading from the mouth to the anus. Symptoms of gastrointestinal perforation commonly include severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Complications include a painful inflammation of the inner lining of the abdominal wall and sepsis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hemofiltration</span> Medical procedure

Hemofiltration, also haemofiltration, is a renal replacement therapy which is used in the intensive care setting. It is usually used to treat acute kidney injury (AKI), but may be of benefit in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome or sepsis. During hemofiltration, a patient's blood is passed through a set of tubing via a machine to a semipermeable membrane where waste products and water are removed by convection. Replacement fluid is added and the blood is returned to the patient.

Renal replacement therapy (RRT) is therapy that replaces the normal blood-filtering function of the kidneys. It is used when the kidneys are not working well, which is called kidney failure and includes acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. Renal replacement therapy includes dialysis, hemofiltration, and hemodiafiltration, which are various ways of filtration of blood with or without machines. Renal replacement therapy also includes kidney transplantation, which is the ultimate form of replacement in that the old kidney is replaced by a donor kidney.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acute proliferative glomerulonephritis</span> Medical condition

Acute proliferative glomerulonephritis is a disorder of the small blood vessels of the kidney. It is a common complication of bacterial infections, typically skin infection by Streptococcus bacteria types 12, 4 and 1 (impetigo) but also after streptococcal pharyngitis, for which it is also known as postinfectious glomerulonephritis (PIGN) or poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN). It can be a risk factor for future albuminuria. In adults, the signs and symptoms of infection may still be present at the time when the kidney problems develop, and the terms infection-related glomerulonephritis or bacterial infection-related glomerulonephritis are also used. Acute glomerulonephritis resulted in 19,000 deaths in 2013, down from 24,000 deaths in 1990 worldwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lipocalin-2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), also known as oncogene 24p3 or neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LCN2 gene. NGAL is involved in innate immunity by sequestering iron and preventing its use by bacteria, thus limiting their growth. It is expressed in neutrophils and in low levels in the kidney, prostate, and epithelia of the respiratory and alimentary tracts. NGAL is used as a biomarker of kidney injury.

Onconephrology is a specialty in nephrology that deals with the study of kidney diseases in cancer patients. A nephrologist who takes care of patients with cancer and kidney disease is called an onconephrologist. This branch of nephrology encompasses nephrotoxicity associated with existing and novel chemotherapeutics, kidney disease as it pertains to stem cell transplant, paraneoplastic kidney disorders, paraproteinemias, electrolyte disorders associated with cancer, and more as discussed below.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Renal infarction</span> Medical condition

Renal infarction is a medical condition caused by an abrupt disruption of the renal blood flow in either one of the segmental branches or the major ipsilateral renal artery. Patients who have experienced an acute renal infarction usually report sudden onset flank pain, which is often accompanied by fever, nausea, and vomiting.

References

  1. ↑ "Dr. Azra Bihorac named senior associate dean for research affairs". Doctor Gator. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
  2. 1 2 3 "Azra Bihorac » Intelligent Critical Care Center (IC3) » » University of Florida" . Retrieved 2023-01-31.
  3. 1 2 Kashani, Kianoush; Al-Khafaji, Ali; Ardiles, Thomas; Artigas, Antonio; Bagshaw, Sean M.; Bell, Max; Bihorac, Azra; Birkhahn, Robert; Cely, Cynthia M.; Chawla, Lakhmir S.; Davison, Danielle L.; Feldkamp, Thorsten; Forni, Lui G.; Gong, Michelle Ng; Gunnerson, Kyle J. (2013-02-06). "Discovery and validation of cell cycle arrest biomarkers in human acute kidney injury". Critical Care. 17 (1): R25. doi: 10.1186/cc12503 . ISSN   1364-8535. PMC   4057242 . PMID   23388612.
  4. ↑ Bihorac, Azra; Chawla, Lakhmir S.; Shaw, Andrew D.; Al-Khafaji, Ali; Davison, Danielle L.; DeMuth, George E.; Fitzgerald, Robert; Gong, Michelle Ng; Graham, Derrel D.; Gunnerson, Kyle; Heung, Michael; Jortani, Saeed; Kleerup, Eric; Koyner, Jay L.; Krell, Kenneth (2014-04-15). "Validation of Cell-Cycle Arrest Biomarkers for Acute Kidney Injury Using Clinical Adjudication". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 189 (8): 932–939. doi:10.1164/rccm.201401-0077OC. ISSN   1073-449X. PMID   24559465. S2CID   25918415.
  5. ↑ Davoudi, Anis; Malhotra, Kumar Rohit; Shickel, Benjamin; Siegel, Scott; Williams, Seth; Ruppert, Matthew; Bihorac, Emel; Ozrazgat-Baslanti, Tezcan; Tighe, Patrick J.; Bihorac, Azra; Rashidi, Parisa (2019-05-29). "Intelligent ICU for Autonomous Patient Monitoring Using Pervasive Sensing and Deep Learning". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 8020. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.8020D. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44004-w. ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   6541714 . PMID   31142754.
  6. ↑ Davoudi, Anis; Shickel, Benjamin; Tighe, Patrick James; Bihorac, Azra; Rashidi, Parisa (2022). "Potentials and Challenges of Pervasive Sensing in the Intensive Care Unit". Frontiers in Digital Health. 4. doi: 10.3389/fdgth.2022.773387 . ISSN   2673-253X. PMC   9152012 . PMID   35656333.
  7. 1 2 Bihorac, Azra; Ozrazgat-Baslanti, Tezcan; Ebadi, Ashkan; Motaei, Amir; Madkour, Mohcine; Pardalos, Panagote M.; Lipori, Gloria; Hogan, William R.; Efron, Philip A.; Moore, Frederick; Moldawer, Lyle L.; Wang, Daisy Zhe; Hobson, Charles E.; Rashidi, Parisa; Li, Xiaolin (April 2019). "MySurgeryRisk: Development and Validation of a Machine-learning Risk Algorithm for Major Complications and Death After Surgery". Annals of Surgery. 269 (4): 652–662. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000002706. ISSN   0003-4932. PMC   6110979 . PMID   29489489.
  8. ↑ Ren, Yuanfang; Loftus, Tyler J.; Shickel, Benjamin; Upchurch Jr., Gilbert R.; Rashidi, Parisa; Ozrazgat-Baslanti, Tezcan; Bihorac, Azra (May 16, 2022). "Performance of a Machine Learning Algorithm Using Electronic Health Record Data to Predict Postoperative Complications and Report on a Mobile Platform". JAMA Network Open. 5 (5): e2211973. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.11973. PMC   9112066 . PMID   35576007. S2CID   248812592 . Retrieved 2023-01-31.
  9. ↑ Landro, Laura (12 March 2023). "Why Hospitals Still Make Serious Medical Errors—and How They Are Trying to Reduce Them". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
  10. 1 2 Shickel, Benjamin; Loftus, Tyler J.; Adhikari, Lasith; Ozrazgat-Baslanti, Tezcan; Bihorac, Azra; Rashidi, Parisa (2019-02-12). "DeepSOFA: A Continuous Acuity Score for Critically Ill Patients using Clinically Interpretable Deep Learning". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 1879. arXiv: 1802.10238 . Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.1879S. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-38491-0. ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   6372608 . PMID   30755689. S2CID   52134035.
  11. ↑ Bennett, Doug (May 8, 2019). "DeepSOFA". The POST. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "ORCID Profile: Azra Bihorac". orcid.org. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
  13. ↑ "LinkedIn profile: Azra Bihorac". LinkedIn.
  14. ↑ Bihorac, Azra (June 20, 2020). "@AzraBihorac". Twitter. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
  15. ↑ Rovcanin, Haris (2021-04-30). "Brcko Bridge Blast Deaths Commemorated in Bosnia". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
  16. 1 2 3 Hills & Valleys Podcast (2019-03-25). "Ep3: Dr. Azra Bihorac, MD, MS, on How Acute Kidney Injury Should Be Treated". Potrero. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
  17. 1 2 "Q&A: Azra Bihorac". Cell Reports Medicine. 3 (12): 100836. 2022-12-20. doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100836. ISSN   2666-3791. PMC   9813827 . PMID   36543114.
  18. 1 2 "High-tech hospital uses artificial intelligence in patient care". NBC News. Retrieved 2023-02-06.
  19. ↑ "Know It All: Where AI helps and hurts in health care". 1A. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
  20. ↑ Kashani, K.; et al. (2013). "SpringerCitations - Details Page". Critical Care. 17 (1): R25. doi: 10.1186/cc12503 . PMC   4057242 . PMID   23388612.
  21. ↑ Halliday, Maureen (February 18, 2022). "Your Health: AI and the ICU". WILX 10. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
  22. ↑ "UF researchers develop tool to predict complications during surgery". Florida Trend. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
  23. ↑ Shickel, Benjamin; Loftus, Tyler J.; Ruppert, Matthew; Upchurch, Gilbert R.; Ozrazgat-Baslanti, Tezcan; Rashidi, Parisa; Bihorac, Azra (2023-01-21). "Dynamic predictions of postoperative complications from explainable, uncertainty-aware, and multi-task deep neural networks". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 1224. Bibcode:2023NatSR..13.1224S. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-27418-5. ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   9867692 . PMID   36681755.
  24. ↑ Nadim, Mitra K.; Forni, Lui G.; Mehta, Ravindra L.; Connor, Michael J.; Liu, Kathleen D.; Ostermann, Marlies; Rimmelé, Thomas; Zarbock, Alexander; Bell, Samira; Bihorac, Azra; Cantaluppi, Vincenzo; Hoste, Eric; Husain-Syed, Faeq; Germain, Michael J.; Goldstein, Stuart L. (October 15, 2020). "COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury: consensus report of the 25th Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) Workgroup". Nature Reviews Nephrology. 16 (12): 747–764. doi:10.1038/s41581-020-00356-5. hdl: 2445/173871 . ISSN   1759-507X. PMC   7561246 . PMID   33060844. S2CID   222415986.
  25. ↑ Chawla, Lakhmir S.; Bellomo, Rinaldo; Bihorac, Azra; Goldstein, Stuart L.; Siew, Edward D.; Bagshaw, Sean M.; Bittleman, David; Cruz, Dinna; Endre, Zoltan; Fitzgerald, Robert L.; Forni, Lui; Kane-Gill, Sandra L.; Hoste, Eric; Koyner, Jay; Liu, Kathleen D. (February 27, 2017). "Acute kidney disease and renal recovery: consensus report of the Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) 16 Workgroup". Nature Reviews Nephrology. 13 (4): 241–257. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2017.2. hdl: 1854/LU-8516228 . ISSN   1759-507X. PMID   28239173. S2CID   217702946.
  26. ↑ Thottakkara, Paul; Ozrazgat-Baslanti, Tezcan; Hupf, Bradley B.; Rashidi, Parisa; Pardalos, Panos; Momcilovic, Petar; Bihorac, Azra (2016-05-27). "Application of Machine Learning Techniques to High-Dimensional Clinical Data to Forecast Postoperative Complications". PLOS ONE. 11 (5): e0155705. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1155705T. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155705 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   4883761 . PMID   27232332.
  27. ↑ Shickel, Benjamin; Tighe, Patrick James; Bihorac, Azra; Rashidi, Parisa (October 27, 2017). "Deep EHR: A Survey of Recent Advances in Deep Learning Techniques for Electronic Health Record (EHR) Analysis". IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics. 22 (5): 1589–1604. doi:10.1109/JBHI.2017.2767063. ISSN   2168-2208. PMC   6043423 . PMID   29989977.
  28. ↑ Ozrazgat-Baslanti, Tezcan; Loftus, Tyler J.; Mohandas, Rajesh; Wu, Quran; Brakenridge, Scott; Brumback, Babette; Efron, Philip A.; Anton, Stephen; Moore, Frederick A.; Moldawer, Lyle L.; Segal, Mark S.; Bihorac, Azra (June 2022). "Clinical Trajectories of Acute Kidney Injury in Surgical Sepsis: A Prospective Observational Study". Annals of Surgery. 275 (6): 1184–1193. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000004360. ISSN   0003-4932. PMC   8116352 . PMID   33196489.
  29. ↑ Loftus, Tyler J.; Tighe, Patrick J.; Filiberto, Amanda C.; Efron, Philip A.; Brakenridge, Scott C.; Mohr, Alicia M.; Rashidi, Parisa; Upchurch, Gilbert R. Jr; Bihorac, Azra (2020-02-01). "Artificial Intelligence and Surgical Decision-making". JAMA Surgery. 155 (2): 148–158. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2019.4917. ISSN   2168-6254. PMC   7286802 . PMID   31825465.
  30. ↑ "ResearchGate: Azra Bihorac profile".
  31. ↑ "SCCM | American College of Critical Care Medicine". Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM). Retrieved 2023-01-31.
  32. ↑ Nesbitt, Hal. "American Society of Nephrology | Member Services - FASN". www.asn-online.org. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
  33. ↑ "VIVO | Azra Bihorac". VIVO: University of Florida.
  34. 1 2 3 "Loop | Azra Bihorac". loop.frontiersin.org. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
  35. ↑ Ivanov, Danielle (March 31, 2022). "AOA Honor Medical Society celebrates new members". Doctor Gator. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
  36. ↑ Bihorac, Azra. "Kidney Love". Kidney Love: Azra Bihorac website. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
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