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So long as we exclude one community, we cannot as a political speak on behalf of or claim to represent all the people of our presidency. If, as we hope, provincial autonomy is given to the provinces as a result of the reforms that may be granted, it should be essential that our Federation should be in a position to claim to be a truly representative body of all communities. What objection can there be to admit such Brahmins as are willing to subscribe to the aims and objects of our Federation? It may be that the Brahmins may not join even if the ban is removed. But surely our Federation will not thereafter be open to objection on the ground that it is an exclusive organization [24]
However, the resolution faced strong opposition and was eventually withdrawn. [26]
The Justice Party, officially the South Indian Liberal Federation, was a political party in the Madras Presidency of British India. It was established on 20 November 1916 in Victoria Public Hall in Madras by Dr C. Natesa Mudaliar and co-founded by T. M. Nair, P. Theagaraya Chetty and Alamelu Mangai Thayarammal as a result of a series of non-Brahmin conferences and meetings in the presidency. Communal division between Brahmins and non-Brahmins began in the presidency during the late-19th and early-20th century, mainly due to caste prejudices and disproportionate Brahminical representation in government jobs. The Justice Party's foundation marked the culmination of several efforts to establish an organisation to represent the non-Brahmins in Madras and is seen as the start of the Dravidian Movement.
Seshadri Srinivasa Iyengar CIE, also seen as Sreenivasa Iyengar and Srinivasa Ayyangar, was an Indian lawyer, freedom-fighter and politician from the Indian National Congress. Iyengar was the Advocate-General of Madras Presidency from 1916 to 1920. He also served as a member of the bar council from 1912 to 1920, the law member of Madras Presidency from 1916 to 1920 and as the president of the madras province Swarajya Party faction of the Indian National Congress from 1923 to 1930. Srinivasa Iyengar was the son-in-law of renowned lawyer and first Indian Advocate-general of Madras, Sir Vembaukum Bhashyam Aiyangar. Iyengar's followers called him Lion of the South.
Velama is a Hindu caste found mainly in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. The earliest recorded use of the term "Velama" to refer to a community dates back to the 17th century. In the caste-based hierarchy, they hold a high position alongside the Reddy and Kapu/Telaga castes. They are also referred to as "Dora" (Lord) by other castes, a term that signifies respect. The modern Velama community is divided into four distinct categories: Padmanayaka Velama, Adi Velama, Koppula Velama, and Polinati Velama. In general usage, the term Velama refers to Padmanayaka Velama, a Forward caste.
Kapu is a Hindu caste primarily found in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Kapus are classified as a Forward caste, and are a community of land-owning agriculturists. Historically, they also served as military generals (Nayakas) and warriors in Hindu kingdoms such as the Vijayanagara Empire. Kapus are a dominant caste of Andhra Pradesh. They are primarily present in Coastal Andhra, with a major concentration in the Godavari-Krishna delta region. Kapus commonly use the title Naidu.
Paramasivan Subbarayan was an Indian politician, freedom fighter and diplomat and was the First Minister of Madras Presidency, India's ambassador to Indonesia and Union Minister of Transport and Communications in Jawaharlal Nehru's government. He was the father of General P. P. Kumaramangalam, who served as India's Chief of Army staff, and of politician Mohan Kumaramangalam. He was also the grandfather of INC and BJP politician and Union Minister Rangarajan Kumaramangalam.
Sir Ponnambala Thiaga Rajan was the First Minister of Madras Presidency from 4 April 1936, to 24 August 1936. He was also the last President of the Justice Party. P. T. Rajan was born in a Thondaimandala mudaliar family in Uthamapalayam. His ancestors were from Kanchipuram. He attended The Leys School, Cambridge and later, Jesus College, Oxford. He graduated in history and law, and practiced as an advocate for some time before joining the Justice Party.
Raja Sri Ravu SvetachalapatiSir Ramakrishna Ranga RaoKCIE was an Indian politician and zamindar who served as the First Minister of Madras Presidency from 5 November 1932 to 4 April 1936 and 24 August 1936 to 1 April 1937.
Rao Bahadur Sir Kurma Venkatareddi NaiduKCSI (1875–1942), also known as K. V. Reddi Naidu, was an Indian politician, lawyer, diplomat, and academic. He served as the Premier of Madras Presidency and was one of only two Indians to hold the position of Governor of Madras Presidency, making him the only individual in history to have served as both Premier and Governor. As a prominent leader of the Justice Party, Naidu was known for his efforts to promote social equality, the abolition of untouchability, and social reforms. He was instrumental in the establishment of the first women's college in the Andhra region, located in Eluru.
Raja Sir Panaganti RamarayaningarKCIE, also known as the Raja of Panagal, was a zamindar of Kalahasti, a Justice Party leader and the First Minister of Madras Presidency from 11 July 1921 to 3 December 1926.
Telaga is a land-owning agrarian community primarily found in the Coastal Andhra region of India. Telaga is a subcaste of the Kapu community, with both terms often used interchangeably. They are classified as a Forward caste. Historically, they were a warrior caste known for their honour and bravery.
Rao Bahadur Sir Annepu Parasuramdas PatroKCIE was an Indian politician, zamindar and education minister in the erstwhile Madras Presidency.
Diwan Bahadur Sir Tinnevely Nelliappa Sivagnanam Pillai was an Indian lawyer, civil servant and politician from the Madras Presidency. He belonged to the Justice Party. He served as the Minister of Development in the government of the Raja of Panagal from 1923 to 1926.
Madras Presidency was an administrative subdivision (presidency) of British India. At its greatest extent, Madras Presidency included much of southern India, including the present-day Indian State of Tamil Nadu, the Malabar region of North Kerala, Lakshadweep Islands, the Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema regions of Andhra Pradesh, Undivided Koraput and Ganjam districts of Orissa and the Bellary, Dakshina Kannada, and Udupi districts of Karnataka. The presidency had its capital at Madras.
The first legislative assembly election for the Madras Presidency was held in February 1937, as part of the nationwide provincial elections in British India. The Indian National Congress obtained a majority by winning 159 of 215 seats in the Legislative Assembly. This was the first electoral victory for the Congress in the presidency since elections were first conducted for Madras Legislative Council in 1920. The Justice Party which had ruled the presidency for most of the previous 17 years was voted out of power. The assembly was constituted in July 1937 and C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) became the first Congress Prime Minister of Madras.
The first legislative council election to Madras Presidency after the establishment of dyarchical system of government by the Government of India Act 1919, was held in November 1920. Indian National Congress boycotted the election due to its participation in the Non-cooperation movement. The election occurred during the early stages of non-Brahmin movement and the major issue of the election was anti-Brahminism. Justice party won the election with no significant opposition and A. Subbarayalu Reddiar became the inaugural First Minister of the Madras Presidency.
The fourth legislative council election to Madras Presidency after the establishment of dyarchical system of government by the Government of India Act, 1919 in September 1930. Justice party won the election and P. Munuswamy Naidu became the First Minister. The main opposition party - Swaraj Party did not contest the elections due to its participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
The first legislative council election for the Madras Presidency after the establishment of a bicameral legislature by the Government of India Act of 1935 was held in February 1937. The Indian National Congress obtained a majority by winning 27 out of 46 seats in the Legislative Council for which the elections were held. This was the first electoral victory for the Congress in the presidency since elections were first conducted for the Council in 1920 and C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) became the Premier. The Justice Party which had ruled the presidency for most of the previous 17 years was voted out of power. Congress also won the Legislative assembly election held simultaneously.
The second legislative council election to Madras Presidency after the establishment of diarchical system of government by the Government of India Act, 1919 was held in 1923. Voter turnout was higher than the previous election. Swarajists, a breakaway group from Indian National Congress participated in the election. The ruling Justice Party had suffered a split, when a splinter group calling themselves anti-Ministerialists left the party. It won the highest number of seats but fell short of a majority. Nevertheless, Madras Governor Willington invited it to form the government. Incumbent Justice First Minister Panagal Raja was nominated by Party leader Theagaraya Chetty to continue as First Minister for a second term. The government survived a no-confidence motion, brought against it on the first day of its tenure by the opposition headed by C. R. Reddy.
In the fifth legislative council election to Madras Presidency after the establishment of dyarchical system of government by the Government of India Act, 1919 the ruling Justice party lost the election and the opposition Swaraj Party emerged as the single largest party. However, it refused to form the government, due to its opposition to dyarchy. The incumbent First Minister, Raja of Bobbili retained power and formed a minority government.
Diarchy was established in Madras Presidency based on the recommendations of the Montague-Chelmsford report. Five elections were held during the period diarchy was in effect and Justice Party occupied power most of the time. It ended with the election in 1937 when the Government of India Act 1935 came into effect.
Bollini Munuswamy Naidu | |
---|---|
4th First Minister of Madras Presidency | |
In office 27 October 1930 –4 November 1932 | |
Governor | George Frederick Stanley |
Preceded by | P. Subbarayan |
Succeeded by | Raja of Bobbili |
Minister of Local Self-Government (Madras Presidency) | |
In office 27 October 1930 –4 November 1932 | |
Premier | B. Munuswamy Naidu |
Governor | George Frederick Stanley |
Preceded by | P. Subbarayan |
Succeeded by | Raja of Bobbili |
Personal details | |
Born | 1885 Tiruttani,Chittoor district,Madras Presidency |
Died | 1935 Madras |
Nationality | Indian |
Political party | Justice Party |
Occupation | politician |
Profession | lawyer |
Bollini Munuswamy Naidu (1885 –1935) was the First Minister of Madras Presidency from 27 October 1930 to 4 November 1932. [1] He was conferred 'Rao Diwan Bahadur' by British Government.
Munuswamy Naidu was born in Tiruttani,Madras Presidency in 1885 in a family of agriculturists. He studied law and worked as a lawyer and businessman. He was one of the early members of the Justice Party. On the death of the Raja of Panagal in 1928,Munuswamy Naidu was appointed president of the Justice Party.
Munuswamy Naidu served as the president of the Justice Party from 1928 to 1932. Under his leadership,the Justice Party won the 1930 Madras Assembly elections and Munuswamy Naidu served as First Minister from 1930 to 1932. During Naidu's tenure,Madras was engulfed in a financial crisis arising out of the Great Depression. His tenure is also remembered for his clash with zamindars and his rivalry with the Raja of Bobbili. Naidu resigned in 1932 sensing serious opposition in party ranks. He lost the leadership of the party to the Raja of Bobbili and eventually retired from active politics. Munuswamy Naidu died in 1935. Munuswamy Naidu was a close associate of N. G. Ranga. Naidu's leadership is also remembered for his efforts to remove restrictions on Brahmins joining the party.
Munuswamy Naidu was born in 1885 in Velanjeri in Tiruttani,Chittoor district [2] of farmers. [3] He was the inaugural First Minister from the Justice Party with an agriculturist background. [4]
Munuswamy Naidu had his early education at Madras Christian College [5] and graduated in law and practised as a lawyer. He was also a moneylender,farmer and businessman and owned a mill in Chittoor district. [3]
The Raja of Panagal,President of the South Indian Liberal Federation,died on 18 December 1928. [6] Munuswamy Naidu was nominated to succeed him. [7] [8] Munuswamy Naidu led the Justice Party throughout its period in opposition between 1928 and 1930. He also led the party during the assembly elections held in 1930.
In the elections held in October 1930 in Madras Presidency,the Justice Party fielded 45 candidates and was in an alliance with the Ministerialists. [9] As the Tamil Nadu Congress Committee did not participate in the elections, [9] the Justice Party swept to power without encountering any serious opposition. [10] The Justice Party secured an overwhelming majority in the districts of Vizagapatam,Chingleput,West Godavari,Bellary,Trichinopoly and Tinnevely. [9] It claimed to have won nearly 70% of the total number of votes polled. [9]
B. Munuswamy Naidu,the leader of the Justice Party,formed a government on 27 October 1930. [9] [11] [12] [13]
Munuswamy Naidu took office as First Minister on 27 October 1930 and served till 4 November 1932 [14] [15] Munuswamy Naidu's tenure as First Minister was afflicted by controversies. [16] He assumed the First Ministership at a critical juncture. The Great Depression was at its height and the economy was crumbling. Moreover,the southern districts of the Presidency had been afflicted by floods. [16] The government was,therefore,compelled to increase the land tax in order to compensate for the fall in prices. [16]
Munuswamy Naidu's Cabinet | |
---|---|
Portfolio | Minister |
Local Self-Government | B. Munuswamy Naidu (Also First Minister) |
Development,Public Works and Registration | P. T. Rajan |
Education,excise | S. Kumaraswami Reddiar |
Source:Encyclopaedia of Political Parties |
Soon after Munuswamy Naidu formed the government,the Justice Party was torn apart by factionalism. [16] The Zamindars who had supported the Justice Party were disgruntled at the fact that two of the foremost landlords of the Presidency,the Raja of Bobbili and the Kumara Raja of Venkatagiri had not been included in the Cabinet. [16] [17] Under the leadership of M. A. Muthiah Chettiar,the disgruntled Zamindars organized a "ginger group" in November 1930. [16] [17]
This "ginger group" accused Munuswamy Naidu of having a soft corner for the Indian National Congress and Swarajists. [16] Moreover,Munuswamy Naidu was also close to N. G. Ranga,the leader of the Ministerialists who were opposed to the Zamindars. [8] [18] Munuswamy Naidu gave his explanation