Baby Gender Mentor

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The Baby Gender Mentor packaging advertises a controversial 99.9% accuracy rate and a 48-hour turn-around time. Baby Gender Mentor box.jpg
The Baby Gender Mentor packaging advertises a controversial 99.9% accuracy rate and a 48-hour turn-around time.

Baby Gender Mentor is the trade name of a controversial blood test designed for prenatal sex discernment. The test was manufactured by Acu-Gen Biolab, Inc., a biotech company in Lowell, Massachusetts, United States. [1] [2] [3] [4] The test made a media debut on 17 June 2005 on The Today Show [5] [6] [7] and it was featured in Newsweek in October 2005. [2] [8] About 4,500 people had purchased the test by March 2006. [9]

Contents

The test claimed that it offered an alternative to amniocentesis and ultrasound. [10] Gender Mentor claimed that women had many motivations for using the test to learn the sex of their fetuses early in pregnancy, including mental preparation and planning gender-specific purchases, or more controversially, sex-selective abortion. [11] [12]

Customers and scientists have questioned the accuracy of the test. [13] [14] [15] Legal actions were taken against Acu-Gen and their supplier. The lawsuits claimed that Acu-Gen's products do not accurately predict the sex of the baby. In their defense, Acu-Gen stated that ultrasound prediction of the sex of a fetus is not always accurate, and told one family their baby had gender abnormalities. [1] [9] [14] [16] [17]

Women were instructed to prick their finger to draw a small amount of blood, which was placed on a card to be sent to Acu-Gen to be analyzed for US$250. [16] [18] The kit did not require regulation since it did not diagnose, prevent or treat a disease. [19] The company was not obliged to disclose results of tests. [20]

Acu-Gen listed studies related to detecting fetal blood cells present in maternal circulation, but studies did not refer specifically to the Baby Gender Mentor test. [21] The company claimed that their kit could detect twins. [22]

Initial media attention

The test was featured on an episode of The Today Show in June 2005. [5] [ dead link ] [6] [7] In that show, Katie Couric interviewed a woman named Holly Osburn who was mother to two daughters and expecting. Osborn said that she wanted to know the gender because she wanted to paint the nursery blue. Sherry Bonelli, the CEO of PregnancyStore.com was also interviewed and said that the test had only been available for two weeks and that numerous people had inquired about it in a short time. She also said that Acu-Gen had followed 2,000 pregnancies through to birth and that the lab results given by the Baby Gender Mentor had never been wrong. The Gender Mentor Test used qPCR technology to determine the gender of the baby. It was the first product of its kind to enter the market, despite the fact that many companies had been attempting to develop similar technologies for years. This caused frustration among competitors who had invested significant time and resources into the development of their own gender-determining products. Gender Mentor claimed to have been used in 20,000 pregnancies. On the show, the results of Osborn's test revealed that was going to have another girl.[ dead link ] [6] [20] During the same segment of The Today Show, Couric interviewed Dr. Ronald Wapner, head of maternal fetal medicine at NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital,[ failed verification ] [23] he discussed possible pros and cons of the test.[ dead link ] [6] His first concern was whether the stated accuracy rate achieved in the 2,000 test cases would be realized in real world usage. His second concern was whether couples who purchase the test might use the results for family balancing, which means the decision to utilize selective abortion to achieve a baby of the desired sex. Wapner said that one positive aspect of the Baby Gender Mentor test is the non-invasive nature of the test, which means there should be no risk of harm to the fetus.[ dead link ] [6]

The test was listed as one of the top 10 innovations of 2005 by research company Datamonitor. In their report, titled Build A Better Mousetrap, Datamonitor identifies their picks for "the best new food, drink, health, household and pet products of 2005". They listed the test as the number 8 innovation of the year.[ failed verification ] [24]

Accuracy of the test disputed

At least 40 women came forward to say their Baby Gender Mentor tests predicted the wrong sex. [25] Compared to the 20,000 women the Baby Gender Mentor test was used on successfully, these 40+ “inaccurate” tests only account for 0.2% of the tests performed. According to a National Public Radio (NPR) report, the company has explained certain inaccurate results as being the result of a vanishing twin, a fetus that stopped growing soon after fertilization. [14] Acu-Gen claimed that their kit could predict a mixed sex set of fraternal twins, so the test should have predicted twins instead of predicting a single baby whose sex turned out to be incorrect. [22]

With Acu-Gen choosing not to publish proof of its claims and evidence of several women receiving inaccurate predictions, doctors are concerned about the test. Among the scientific evidence cited by Acu-Gen's website is a paper co-authored by Diana Bianchi, an expert on fetal DNA at Tufts University. The NPR story quoted Bianchi as saying, "I think at the present time we need to be concerned whether the test is accurate or not", and "I think it's caveat emptor. Let the buyer beware." [13] Another criticism has come from Sandra Carson, professor of obstetrics and gynecology and involved in research in sex selection. Carson says, "Until Acu-Gen releases its data, there's no way to know the test's reliability. Until that's out, I think it shouldn't be on the market." [15] Carson at that time was at the Baylor College of Medicine. [15] Dr. Charles Lockwood, chairman of obstetrics and gynecology at Yale School of Medicine, said that it is possible for fetal DNA to be found in maternal blood as soon as the placenta has developed, and that detection after five weeks "is not impossible" and the president of Acu-Gen said the suit was "totally bogus". [25]

There are multiple legal challenges and investigations underway. Gail O'Conner, a spokesperson for the Illinois State Attorney General, says that they are investigating PregnancyStore.com for possible fraud. [14] No fraud charges were ever made against PregnancyStore.com.Florida Congressman Jim Davis has urged the FDA to investigate Acu-Gen, and the Florida Attorney General has opened an investigation against Acu-Gen. [26] A law firm named Gainey & McKenna has filed a class action lawsuit [27] and at least one other firm is inviting people to contact them about their legal rights if they are unhappy with the results of their test.[ dead link ] [28] Gainey & McKenna's lawsuit seeks to bar the company from false advertising in marketing its test and to compel the firm to honor its money-back guarantee. [9] The law firm cites seven areas of contention, including the veracity of the accuracy claims and the violation of HIPAA and other laws. [29]

Possible uses for test

Parents have cited an interest in preparing themselves or the baby's siblings for gender-specific issues. [30] Some women might prefer this test to an ultrasound exam, which might reveal fetal abnormalities that the parents might prefer not to know about until after delivery.

Concerns about sex selection

The National Public Radio investigative report on Acu-Gen predicted that parents may use the Baby Gender Mentor test as a basis for determining whether to get a sex-selective abortion. [14] KMSP-TV interviewed genetic counselor Dr. Analia Bortz who made the same prediction.[ dead link ] [11] The concern is that learning the sex at such an early point may lead parents to terminate the pregnancy if they were hoping for a baby of the opposite sex to that indicated by the test. Americans United for Life argues that women disappointed by the result of their test would find it easier to have an abortion if they get the results early. They say that women who want to have a specific sex will be learning the results at a time when it is safer for them to have an abortion, without the complications associated with aborting later in pregnancy. [12]

Some bioethicists believe that sex selection is an ethical problem and could be disruptive to society. [31] Charles Lockwood of Yale says, "a disproportionate number of female fetuses have been terminated worldwide, and a 2-to-1 male-to-female ratio could lead to social unrest and wars." [25] According to Arthur Caplan, director of the Center for Bioethics at the University of Pennsylvania, sex selection is not a frequent occurrence in the United States but it is a concern in countries such as India and China, where having boys is preferred over having girls. [8] In China, sex selection has led to men outnumbering women by about 1.2-to-1. [32] In India, the ratio of girls to boys is also on the decline. The 2004 census shows that there were 818 girls born per 1,000 boys; the ratio varies in different parts of India, with the greatest imbalance occurring in the most affluent areas. [33] In a certain portion of New Delhi, only 762 girls were born per 1,000 boys. [32] Punjab's Health Minister Ramesh Chander Dogra has said he will take action to ban the test in India. [34]

The website for the PregnancyStore.com says that they will ship the tests only within the United States,[ dead link ] [35] Sheila McLean, professor of medical ethics at Glasgow University, is critical of the kits.

Alleged use for medical diagnoses

Acu-Gen's website states the test was not a medical test:

Acu-Gen Biolab, Inc. ("Acu-Gen") and the www.babygendermentor.com website ("Web Site") do not offer medical advice or professional services. The products and information provided with the Baby Gender Mentor Test cannot and should not be used for diagnosing or treating a known or suspected health condition or illness. The Baby Gender Mentor Test is not a substitute for medical or professional care. If you have, or you suspect that you or your baby may have, a health condition or illness, you should consult with your doctor. Never disregard medical or professional care or advice or delay seeking it because of something you have learned from Acu-Gen, the Baby Gender Mentor Test or our Web Site. Except for the specific information contained on our Web Site, you cannot and should not rely on any information provided by Acu-Gen, Acu-Gen employees or other visitors to our Web Site. The content of our Web Site is provided on an "as is" basis. [36]

Tests similar to the Baby Gender Mentor test can be used for medical diagnoses. For instance, scientists have shown that it is possible to use fetal DNA from a woman's blood to screen the fetus for genetic defects such as Down syndrome. In a validation study sponsored by the National Institute for Child Health and Development, 5 different labs used fetal cells from maternal blood to search for evidence of Down syndrome in 2,744 pregnancies. On average, the labs correctly spotted Down syndrome babies 74% of the time. [20]

In at least one case, Chang Wang, the president of Acu-Gen, has phoned a pregnant woman one month after giving her the sex prediction to inform her that her test indicated an "excess of genetic material in her blood" and advised her to see her doctor in order "to rule out problems like Down's syndrome or Trisomy 18". Wang explains this means "with a certain possibility, that her fetus has a kind of genetic problem. Of course later on, we had used our technology to prove that she has a chromosome problem: Trisomy 18. That means that this baby [is] going to have a developmental problem and is going to probably cease to exist right after the birth." Dr. Diana Bianchi of Tufts disputes the possibility of the test being used for such a diagnosis. She says, "The test involves looking at genetic sequences on the X chromosome and the Y chromosome. If he gave a diagnosis of Trisomy 18, that involves a different chromosome, Chromosome 18. That is certainly something that is not advertised in the packaging associated with the test. "It is possible that, upon being told of a problem by Acu-Gen, a woman may seek to have an amniocentesis or other invasive procedure which may be an unnecessary risk if the Acu-Gen diagnosis was in error. [37] In this case, the woman delivered a healthy baby free from both Trisomy 18 and Down syndrome.[ citation needed ]

The class action lawsuit filed by Gainey & McKenna alleges that Acu-Gen is improperly dispensing medical advice. The law firm claims Wang has contacted "many women" and advised them that their fetuses have chromosomal abnormalities. They claim that Dr. Wang, who is listed as a Ph.D., is providing women "with all sorts of medical advice and diagnoses". They say their clients have suffered great emotional distress and have undergone unnecessary medical testing based upon Dr. Wang's "advice". [29]

Warranty and availability

Acu-Gen has allegedly created new requirements for people who want to take advantage of the money-back guarantee.[ unreliable source? ] [38] The attorney Barry Gainey, of Gainey & McKenna, says that Chang Wang, Acu-Gen's President, is "making people send in the original birth certificate. He's making them get blood tests from the newborn baby.[ citation needed ] And there's other requirements that he's now adding to the refund in order to avoid paying back these people and giving them the 200-percent refund." None of those requirements were on the boxes shipped to early customers, but the requirements have since appeared on Acu-Gen's website. [25] Gainey has filed a class action lawsuit on behalf of 40 people who claim they received inaccurate results but were unable to obtain refunds from Acu-Gen. [25]

There have been conflicting reports about how often the company has refunded money to consumers who received an erroneous result with the test. In February 2006, Wang said, "We don't mistakes [ sic ]. Period."[ dead link ] [39] Yet in October 2005 he had stated his company had issued four refund checks, including one for a case involving a vanishing twin. [8] The PregnancyStore.com states that none of the refund checks were issued as a result of the test being proven wrong by a live birth. Their website states:

To date, Acu-Gen has issued 200% refund checks to a few customers—NOT for incorrectly identifying the baby's gender at birth, though. Two are for cases involving vanishing twins, one case due to insufficient blood sample, two cases caused by incomplete reactions and three reversal cases of no obvious reasons. All of these eight cases are currently in their second trimester of pregnancy.[ failed verification ] [40]

In March 2006, Wang wrote in an e-mail to NPR, he has "decided to defer all his energies regarding the BGM product and service for one more year, when results of actual births compared to the results provided by Baby Gender Mentor should answer any concern about the accuracy of the test." [19]

Initial news reports and the Acu-Gen website touted a 200% money-back guarantee. [8] In May 2006, the Baby Gender Mentor website was modified to show a different warranty than the one that had originally promised to refund 200% of the purchase price of the test. The new warranty states:

We guarantee that all test results are 99.9% accurate. If your test results are legitimately incorrect, Baby Gender Mentor will refund you all costs that include laboratory and purchasing expenses.* A valid registration code and a birth certificate are required for the refund. You MUST read and follow all kit instructions. Baby Gender Mentor is not responsible for any consequences resulting from failure to follow kit instructions. To claim the refund, the birth certificate should include BOTH the address and name of the purchaser. In some instances, Baby Gender Mentor may request the finger press of the baby to conclude the refund process...[ failed verification ] [41]

PregnancyStore.com also updated their website to state that the warranty was only 100% of the purchase price.[ dead link ] [35] In July 2006, the PregnancyStore.com reported that the test was "currently out of stock",[ dead link ] [35] and In-Gender.com, a commercial sales blog, [42] reported that the test has been completely pulled from the market in India.[ unreliable source? ] [43] As of January 2007, PregnancyStore.com no longer contains any mention of the kit on their website, [44] although the BabyGenderMentor.com website does contain a form for on-line purchasing of the kit. [45]

About Acu-Gen

Acu-Gen is a biotech company in Lowell, Massachusetts and is led by Chang-ning Wang, the company's President. A National Public Radio reporter visited the address given as the headquarters of Acu-Gen in September 2005. They found that the building at that address contains a Hindu temple and a company called BioTronics, but no sign for Acu-Gen. According to NPR, their inquiries at BioTronics revealed the two companies have common ownership, but no one was available to comment for the NPR story. [14] Acu-Gen does not mention a direct link to BioTronics in their marketing materials. However, they do state on their website that they utilize BioTronics' AmpliSensor technology, according to the Baby Gender Mentor website. [21] AmpliSensor is a quantitative PCR assay invented by Wang and marketed by BioTronics, according to the Baby Gender Mentor website. [21] [ failed verification ] [46]

A news crew from television station WFTS, an American Broadcasting Company (ABC) affiliate, visited the Acu-Gen offices in February 2006. They found "about six employees inside Wang's lab, some putting together sex test kits, others doing some type of lab work. There was a room full of machines Chang said he created, and shelves stacked with blood samples supposedly sent in by women from across the United States." BioTronics does make a laboratory instrument known as an AG-9600 AmpliSensor Analyzer, which is used for quantitative DNA analysis. [47]

It is not known whether the two journalists visited the same address, nor is it known whether Acu-Gen and BioTronics currently share office or laboratory space. As of January 2007, Acu-Gen lists their address as "50 Stedman Street, Lowell, MA". [48] On December 2, 2006 BioTronics' trademark on "AmpliSensor" (U.S. trademark registration number 1958576) was declared dead and cancelled. At that time, BioTronics' address was listed as "44 Stedman Street, Unit 5, Lowell, MA".[ dead link ] [49]

Notes and references

  1. 1 2 "Moms Sue, Saying Baby Sex Tests Flawed". Associated Press. June 19, 2009. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
  2. 1 2 "Gender Bender". Pew Charitable Trust. Archived from the original on May 5, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2009.
  3. ↑ "Step by Step Guide to Baby Gender Mentor Test". BabyGenderMentor.com. Archived from the original on April 10, 2009. Retrieved July 29, 2009.
  4. ↑ "A Total Advantage". Babygendermentor.com. Archived from the original on 2 February 2007. Retrieved January 16, 2007.
  5. 1 2 [ failed verification ]O'Crowley, Peggy (2005). "Parents May Welcome Baby Gender Test, But Bioethicists Worry". Newhouse News Service. Archived from the original on April 27, 2006. Retrieved January 16, 2007.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 [ dead link ] "Today Show video segment". PregnancyStore.com. Archived from the original (Flash) on February 3, 2006. Retrieved July 18, 2006.
  7. 1 2 Goldberg, Carey (June 27, 2005). "Test reveals gender early in pregnancy". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 24 February 2007. Retrieved January 16, 2007.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Goldschmidt, Debra (October 18, 2005). "Gender Bender—A new test claims it can determine fetal gender as early as five weeks into pregnancy. Doctors are skeptical". Newsweek.
  9. 1 2 3 "Parents sue manufacturer of Baby Gender Mentor". The Taipei Times / The Guardian, Washington. March 16, 2006. Retrieved July 17, 2006.
  10. ↑ Church CC, Miller MW (2007). "Quantification of risk from fetal exposure to diagnostic ultrasound". Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 93 (1–3): 331–53. doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.07.015. PMID   16949653.
  11. 1 2 [ dead link ] "Baby Gender Mentor". Fox9 News. 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-03-15. Retrieved July 17, 2006.
  12. 1 2 Langton, James (October 7, 2005). "Revolutionary foetus sex test raises eugenics fears". Daily Telegraph.
  13. 1 2 Boyce, Nell (September 29, 2005). "Critics Question Accuracy of Fetus Sex Test". National Public Radio. Retrieved January 16, 2007.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Boyce, Nell (October 10, 2005). "Questions Raised Over Accuracy of Gender Test". National Public Radio. Retrieved January 23, 2007.
  15. 1 2 3 Ault, Alicia (July 19, 2005). "The Gender Flap". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 21, 2005.
  16. 1 2 Jose Martinez (June 16, 2009). "Baby Gender Mentor kit doesn't work, say misled moms suing maker". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved July 29, 2009.
  17. ↑ Gniady, Jennifer A. (April 1, 2008). "Regulating Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing: Protecting the Consumer Without Quashing a Medical Revolution". Fordham Law Review. 76. SSRN   1290303.
  18. ↑ "Prick finger and collect blood". Babygendermentor.com. Archived from the original on 2 February 2007. Retrieved January 16, 2007.
  19. 1 2 Boyce, Nell; Inskeep, Steve (February 27, 2006). "Revisiting the Baby Gender Mentor". National Public Radio. Retrieved January 16, 2007.
  20. 1 2 3 Kaiser J (2005). "An earlier look at baby's genes". Science (registration required). 309 (5740): 1476–1478. doi:10.1126/science.309.5740.1476. PMID   16141041. S2CID   53886093.
  21. 1 2 3 "Science Behind Baby Gender Mentor Test". Babygendermentor.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2005. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
  22. 1 2 "FAQ—Is The Baby Gender Mentor Test Right For Me?". BabyGenderMentor.com. Archived from the original on 2007-02-02. Retrieved January 22, 2007.
  23. ↑ [ failed verification ]Haberman, Maggie (August 16, 2005). "Kit makes it a womb with a view". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on August 13, 2006. Retrieved January 16, 2007.
  24. ↑ [ failed verification ]Standfield, Robert (January 12, 2006). "What Will They Think of Next?". Daily Record (UK). Archived from the original on August 19, 2006. Retrieved January 16, 2007.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 Zand M.D., Sarvenaz (February 26, 2006). "ABC News: Parents Sue Over Pregnancy Test Said to Tell Baby's Sex" . Retrieved January 19, 2007.
  26. ↑ [ dead link ] "ABC Tampa's Linda Hurtado reports Florida congressman urges FDA to investigate Baby Gender Mentor and similar products; Florida attorney general investigates Acu-Gen". WFTS. Archived from the original (WMV) on November 16, 2006. Retrieved January 19, 2007.
  27. ↑ "Welcome to BabyGenderInvestigation.com". BabyGenderInvestigation.com. Archived from the original on 15 January 2007. Retrieved January 16, 2007.
  28. ↑ [ dead link ] "Baby Gender Mentor / Acu-Gen". Wiliams Love O'Leary Craine and Powers P.C. (WLOPC&P). Archived from the original on January 8, 2006. Retrieved January 16, 2007.
  29. 1 2 "Summary of the claims currently being investigated". BabyGenderInvestigation.com. Archived from the original on 29 January 2007. Retrieved January 19, 2007.
  30. ↑ "Sex Matters: Baby's gender: no longer a secret?". U.S. News & World Report. June 24, 2005. Archived from the original on 24 February 2007. Retrieved January 16, 2007.
  31. ↑ Neighmond, Patricia (June 30, 2005). "Doctors Question Ethics of Baby Gender Test". NPR.org. National Public Radio. Retrieved December 31, 2007.
  32. 1 2 [ failed verification ] "New pregnancy test makes Asia jittery". Asian Pacific Post. August 11, 2005. Archived from the original on October 13, 2006. Retrieved January 19, 2007.
  33. ↑ George, SM. (July 2006). "Millions of missing girls: from fetal sexing to high technology sex selection in India". Prenat Diagn. 26 (7): 604–609. doi:10.1002/pd.1475. PMID   16856224. S2CID   30172297.
  34. ↑ "Punjab plans to ban US gender determination kit". Gulf News. July 3, 2006. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved January 19, 2007.
  35. 1 2 3 "Baby Gender Mentor Home DNA Gender Testing Kit". The PregnancyStore.com. Archived from the original on July 5, 2006. Retrieved July 18, 2006.
  36. ↑ "Things you must know". BabyGenderMentor.com. Archived from the original on 2007-02-02. Retrieved January 21, 2007.
  37. ↑ "Prenatal test reveals more than gender". The Star-Ledger. October 31, 2005.
  38. ↑ [ unreliable source? ] "Acu-Gen balks at giving refunds for birth certificates showing Baby Gender Mentor was wrong". InGender.com. December 30, 2005. Retrieved January 19, 2007.
  39. ↑ [ dead link ] "Experts call for regulation of baby gender tests". ABC Action News—Tampa. February 20, 2006. Archived from the original on March 14, 2006. Retrieved January 16, 2007.
  40. ↑ [ failed verification ] "Pregnancy Store.com in the news!". PregnancyStore.com. Archived from the original on June 14, 2006. Retrieved July 18, 2006.
  41. ↑ [ failed verification ] "Limited Warranty". Babygendermentor.com. Archived from the original on 2007-02-02. Retrieved January 16, 2007.
  42. ↑ "Gender Selection Guide". www.ingender.com. Retrieved 2009-08-27.
  43. ↑ [ unreliable source? ] "India state plans to ban Baby Gender Mentor and other early prenatal gender tests". In-gender.com. July 2, 2006. Retrieved January 19, 2007.
  44. ↑ "Pregnancy Store: One-Stop Shop for Moms-to-Be". PregnancyStore.com. Archived from the original on 22 January 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2007.
  45. ↑ "BGM TEST KIT: $25.00 (not Include $250.00 Lab Service Fee)". BabyGenderMentor.com. Archived from the original on 2007-02-02. Retrieved January 22, 2007.
  46. ↑ [ failed verification ] "Biotronics corporation". Biotech-register.com. Retrieved January 19, 2007.
  47. ↑ US 6033854,Kurnit, David M.; Chiang, Pei-Wen& Wang, Chang-Ning J.,"Quantitative PCR using blocking oligonucleotides",published 2000-03-07, assigned to Biotronics Corp.
  48. ↑ "Contact us". BabyGenderMentor.com. Archived from the original on 2007-04-30. Retrieved May 9, 2007.
  49. ↑ [ dead link ] "AmpliSensor". United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved January 21, 2007.

55.Clinic for Baby gender selection Gender selection issues and advice.

Bibliography

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Fetal rights are the moral rights or legal rights of the human fetus under natural and civil law. The term fetal rights came into wide usage after Roe v. Wade, the 1973 landmark case that legalized abortion in the United States. The concept of fetal rights has evolved to include the issues of maternal substance use disorders, including alcohol use disorder and opioid use disorder. Most international human rights charters "clearly reject claims that human rights should attach from conception or any time before birth." While international human rights instruments lack a universal inclusion of the fetus as a person for the purposes of human rights, the fetus is granted various rights in the constitutions and civil codes of several countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nuchal scan</span> Routine ultrasound done between 11 and 14 weeks pregnancy

A nuchal scan or nuchal translucency (NT) scan/procedure is a sonographic prenatal screening scan (ultrasound) to detect chromosomal abnormalities in a fetus, though altered extracellular matrix composition and limited lymphatic drainage can also be detected.

The genetics and abortion issue is an extension of the abortion debate and the disability rights movement. Since the advent of forms of prenatal diagnosis, such as amniocentesis and ultrasound, it has become possible to detect the presence of congenital disorders in the fetus before birth. Specifically, disability-selective abortion is the abortion of fetuses that are found to have non-fatal mental or physical defects detected through prenatal testing. Many prenatal tests are now considered routine, such as testing for Down syndrome. Women who are discovered to be carrying fetuses with disabilities are often faced with the decision of whether to abort or to prepare to parent a child with disabilities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maternal–fetal medicine</span> Branch of medicine

Maternal–fetal medicine (MFM), also known as perinatology, is a branch of medicine that focuses on managing health concerns of the mother and fetus prior to, during, and shortly after pregnancy.

A fetus or foetus is the unborn offspring that develops from a mammal embryo. Following embryonic development, the fetal stage of development takes place. In human prenatal development, fetal development begins from the ninth week after fertilization and continues until the birth of a newborn. Prenatal development is a continuum, with no clear defining feature distinguishing an embryo from a fetus. However, a fetus is characterized by the presence of all the major body organs, though they will not yet be fully developed and functional and some not yet situated in their final anatomical location.

Prenatal sex discernment is the prenatal testing for discerning the sex of a fetus before birth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prenatal nutrition</span>

Prenatal nutrition addresses nutrient recommendations before and during pregnancy. Nutrition and weight management before and during pregnancy has a profound effect on the development of infants. This is a rather critical time for healthy development since infants rely heavily on maternal stores and nutrient for optimal growth and health outcome later in life.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gender reveal party</span> Fetal sex reveal event

A gender reveal party is a party held during pregnancy to reveal the baby's sex to the expectant parents' family and friends, and sometimes to the parents themselves. Prenatal sex discernment technology furnishes the necessary information. The practice originated in the United States during the late 2000s.

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