Battle of Atchoukpa

Last updated

Battle of Atchoukpa
Part of the First Franco-Dahomean War
Battle of Atchoukpa.png
Date20 April 1890
Location
Atchoukpa, present-day Benin
Result French victory
Béhanzin abandons his plans to attack Porto-Novo
Belligerents
Flag of France (1794-1958).svg  France
Porto-Novo
Flag of Ghezo of Dahomey.svg  Dahomey
Commanders and leaders
Flag of France (1794-1958).svg Sébastien Terrillon Flag of Ghezo of Dahomey.svg Béhanzin
Strength
350 French troops
500 Porto-Novo warriors (fled early)
9,000 warriors
Casualties and losses
8 killed
53 wounded
1,500 killed or wounded

The Battle of Atchoukpa was fought on 20 April 1890 near the town of Atchoukpa during the First Franco-Dahomean War. A French force of 350 troops under Colonel Terrillon, briefly assisted by 500 of King Toffa I's warriors, fought off a force of 7,000 Dahomey warriors and 2,000 Dahomey Amazons under King Béhanzin who were set to march on Porto-Novo.

Contents

The Battle of Atchoukpa was the last major engagement of the First Franco-Dahomean War.

Background

The First Franco-Dahomean War had technically began on 21 April 1890 when the French arrested several Dahomey officials in Cotonou, as a result of Dahomey attacks on the French protectorate of Porto-Novo. On 4 March, a massive Dahomey attack of Cotonou was repulsed after a bloody battle.

On 15 April 1890, King Béhanzin's army crossed the Ouémé River. [1] Burning down many villages on their path, they marched toward Porto-Novo and eventually set camp a few miles north from the city. [2]

On 20 April at 6:00 a.m., a French column of 350 men, composed of Troupes de marines and Senegalese Tirailleurs companies, set off from Porto-Novo to face the Dahomey army. [3] [4] They were accompanied by 500 local Porto-Novo warriors. [5] [6]

Battle

Dahomey warriors clashing with French squares Battle of Atchoupa.png
Dahomey warriors clashing with French squares

A little after 7:30 a.m., King Toffa I's warriors, who were marching ahead of the French column, came under Dahomey fire at the entrance of the village of Atchoukpa. [7] [8] The brief fusillade, which killed 8 of them and wounded many more, immediately sent them into a rout. [9] The forwardmost French company, under Captain Arnoux, deployed itself to cover the retreat of Toffa's warriors as they ran in panick toward Porto-Novo. [8] The Dahomey army came out of the village and directed itself toward the French, which prompted Colonel Terrillon to order his men to form infantry squares. [8] [10] [7]

For over an hour, Béhanzin's army, composed of 7,000 warriors and 2,000 Dahomey Amazons, unsuccessfully clashed with French squares, through repeated charges. [7] [8] Superior French firepower and discipline kept each of their attacks at bay, inflicting upon them devastating casualties. [8] [10] [11]

At around 9:00 a.m., King Béhanzin, seeing that his warriors were failing to inflict any damages on the French squares, took the decision to send a detachment to bypass them in order to burn down Porto-Novo while his main army kept the French engaged. [12] However, Colonel Terrillon immediately took notice of the manoeuvre and ordered his squares to direct themselves toward the detachment. As soon as the Dahomey detachment came within firing range, the French unleashed a storm of bullets that instantly routed the Dahomey party. [8]

The fighting went on for about another hour, as French squares kept slowly withdrawing toward Porto-Novo to ensure no further attempt to bypass them would occur. [8] Near 10:00 a.m., Béhanzin finally ordered the retreat, giving up on his plans to attack Porto-Novo. [8]

Aftermath

French casualties amounted to 33 wounded: one officer, 15 white French troops and 17 Senegalese tirailleurs. [13] [14] [11] King Toffa I's warriors had lost 8 killed and 20 wounded in their brief engagement at the beginning of the battle. [13] [15] [16] Dahomey losses were much heavier, as they had lost over 1,500 killed or wounded in the fighting. [8] [16] [15]

The Battle of Atchoukpa was the last major engagement of the First Franco-Dahomean War, and King Béhanzin would make no further attempts on Porto-Novo. [16] On the next day, the French sent small reconnaissance parties that found out that all of Béhanzin's forces had left the surroundings of the city entirely and withdrawn beyond the Ouémé River. [16]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dahomey</span> c. 1600 – 1904 kingdom in modern Benin, West Africa

The Kingdom of Dahomey was a West African kingdom located within present-day Benin that existed from approximately 1600 until 1904. Dahomey developed on the Abomey Plateau amongst the Fon people in the early 17th century and became a regional power in the 18th century by conquering key cities on the Atlantic coast.

Cotonou Largest city in Benin

Cotonou is a city in Benin. Its official population count was 761,137 inhabitants in 2006; however, some estimates indicate its population to be as high as 2.4 million.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Porto-Novo</span> Capital of Benin

Porto-Novo, also known as Hogbonu and Ajashe, is the capital of Benin. The commune covers an area of 110 square kilometres (42 sq mi) and as of 2002 had a population of 223,552 people.

Glele

Glele, or Badohou, was the tenth King of Dahomey, ruling from 1858 until his suicide in 1889.

Béhanzin King of Dahomey from c. 1890 to c. 1894

Béhanzin is considered the eleventh King of Dahomey, modern-day Republic of Benin. Upon taking the throne, he changed his name from Kondo.

Agoli-agbo Last King of Dahomey (r. 1894–1900)

Agoli-agbo is considered to have been the twelfth and final King of Dahomey. He was in power from 1894 to 1900.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dahomey Amazons</span> Female regiment in the Kingdom of Dahomey

The Dahomey Amazons were a Fon all-female military regiment of the Kingdom of Dahomey which existed from the 1600s until 1904. There are few accounts of all female military regiments. They were named Amazons by Western Europeans who encountered them, due to the story of the female warriors or Amazons in Greek mythology. This unusual emergence of an all-female military regiment was the result of Dahomey's male population facing high casualties in the increasingly frequent violence and warfare with neighbouring West African states, which led to Dahomey being forced to annually give male slaves to particularly the Oyo Empire, which used that for commodity exchange as part of the growing phenomenon of slave trade in West Africa during the Age of Discovery. The lack of men likely led the kings of Dahomey to recruit women into the army.

Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá Restored fort in Benin

The Forte de São João Baptista de Ajudá is a small restored fort in Ouidah, Benin. Built in 1721, it was the last of three European forts built in that town to tap the slave trade of the Slave Coast. Following the legal abolition of the slave trade early in the 19th century, the Portuguese fort lay abandoned most of the time until it was permanently reoccupied in 1865.

First Franco-Dahomean War 1890 war between France and Dahomey

The First Franco-Dahomean War, which raged in 1890, was a conflict between France, led by General Alfred-Amédée Dodds, and Dahomey under King Béhanzin. The French emerged triumphant after winning the Battle of Abomey.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Second Franco-Dahomean War</span> 1892–1894 conflict between France and Dahomey

The Second Franco-Dahomean War, which raged from 1892 to 1894, was a major conflict between France, led by General Alfred-Amédée Dodds, and Dahomey under King Béhanzin. The French emerged triumphant and incorporated Dahomey into their growing colonial territory of French West Africa.

Alfred-Amédée Dodds

Alfred Amédée Dodds was the commander of French forces in Senegal from 1890, commander of French forces in the second expeditionary force to suppress the Boxer Rebellion, and commander of French forces during the Second Franco-Dahomean War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Outline of Benin</span> Overview of and topical guide to Benin

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Benin:

Education in Benin Overview of education in Benin

Benin has abolished school fees and is carrying out the recommendations of its 2007 Educational Forum. In 2018, the net primary enrollment rate was 97 percent. Gross enrollment rate in secondary education has greatly increased in the last two decades, from 21.8 percent in 2000 to 59 percent in 2016, 67.1 percent in the case of males and 50.7 percent for females. Because of a rapid increase in the enrollment rate, the student/teacher ratio rose from 36:1 in 1990 to 53:1 in 1997 but has dropped again in the last years to 39:1 (2018). In 2018, the gross enrollment ratio in tertiary education was 12.5%.

Benin, officially the Republic of Benin, is a country in Western Africa. It borders Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north; its short coastline to the south leads to the Bight of Benin. Its size is just over 110000 km2 with a population of almost 8500000. Its capital is the Yoruba founded city of Porto Novo, but the seat of government is the Fon city of Cotonou. About half the population live below the international poverty line of US$1.25 per day.

Dahomey Expedition commemorative medal 1892 French campaign commemorative medal

The Dahomey Expedition commemorative medal was a French campaign commemorative medal. It was bestowed to the participants of the First Franco-Dahomean War (1890) and of the Second Franco-Dahomean War (1892–1894) in order to commemorate their feats of arms.

Royal Palaces of Abomey UNESCO World Heritage Site in Abomey, Benin

The Royal Palaces of Abomey are 12 palaces spread over an area of 40 hectares at the heart of the Abomey town in Benin, formerly the capital of the West African Kingdom of Dahomey. The Kingdom was founded in 1625 by the Fon people who developed it into a powerful military and commercial empire, which dominated trade with European slave traders on the Slave Coast until the late 19th century, to whom they sold their prisoners of war. At its peak the palaces could accommodate up to 8000 people. The King's palace included a two-story building known as the "cowrie house" or akuehue. Under the twelve kings who succeeded from 1625 to 1900, the kingdom established itself as one of the most powerful of the western coast of Africa.

The History of the Kingdom of Dahomey spans 400 years from around 1600 until 1904 with the rise of the Kingdom of Dahomey as a major power on the Atlantic coast of modern-day Benin until French conquest. The kingdom became a major regional power in the 1720s when it conquered the coastal kingdoms of Allada and Whydah. With control over these key coastal cities, Dahomey became a major center in the Atlantic Slave Trade until 1852 when the British imposed a naval blockade to stop the trade. War with the French began in 1892 and the French took over the Kingdom of Dahomey in 1894. The throne was vacated by the French in 1900, but the royal families and key administrative positions of the administration continued to have a large impact in the politics of the French administration and the post-independence Republic of Dahomey, renamed Benin in 1975. Historiography of the kingdom has had a significant impact on work far beyond African history and the history of the kingdom forms the backdrop for a number of novels and plays.

Kojo Tovalou Houénou was a prominent African critic of the French colonial empire in Africa. Born in Porto-Novo to a wealthy father and a mother who belonged to the royal family of the Kingdom of Dahomey, he was sent to France for education at the age of 13. There he received a law degree, medical training, and served in the French armed forces as an army doctor during World War I. Following the war, Houénou became a minor celebrity in Paris; dating actresses, writing books as a public intellectual, and making connections with many of the elite of French society.

Paul Hazoumé was a Beninese writer, educator, ethnologist, and politician.

References

  1. Aublet, Édouard Edmond (1894). La guerre au Dahomey 1888-1893, 1893-1894: d'après les documents officials (in French). Vol. 1. Berger-Levrault. p. 52.
  2. Aublet 1894, p. 52.
  3. Henry, Guillaume (1890). Annales de l'Extrême Orient et de l'Afrique (in French). Vol. 14. Société académique indo-chinoise. p. 24.
  4. Péroz, E. (1890). "La tactique dans le Soudan". Revue maritime et coloniale (in French). Les Grandes édtions francaises. 107: 265.
  5. Péroz 1890, p. 265.
  6. Hanotaux, Gabriel (1931). Histoire des colonies françaises et de l'expansion de la France dans le monde (in French). Vol. 4. Plon. p. 292.
  7. 1 2 3 Henry 1890, p. 24.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Péroz 1890, p. 266.
  9. Giethlen, Louis (2016). Dahomey et Dépendances: Historique général, organisation, administration, ethnographie, productions, agriculture, commerce (in French). Collection XIX. p. 63.
  10. 1 2 Giethlen 2016, p. 63.
  11. 1 2 Hanotaux 1931, p. 292.
  12. Henry 1890, p. 25.
  13. 1 2 Henry 1890, p. 26.
  14. Heudebert, Lucien (1902). Promenades au Dahomey (in French). Librairie des Mathurins. p. 104.
  15. 1 2 Heudebert 1902, p. 104.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Giethlen 2016, p. 65.