The battle of Khankala happened on 17 February 1807. In this action, the Khankala fortification was taken by storm. Russian forces entered Chechnya from three directions under the command of General of Infantry S. A. Bulgakov. The purpose of the expedition was to establish control over the strategically important Khankala Gorge.
Not a single Russian expedition in the Caucasus in 1804—1806 was so numerous. At the beginning of 1807, the commander-in-chief of the troops in Georgia and Dagestan, Count Major General I.V. Gudovich, ordered the commander of the troops on the Caucasian Line, Infantry General S.A. «intimidation» and «punishment» for raids and robberies.[1]
Assault on the Khankala fortification
Taking fortifications from the Chechens in the Caucasus, by Ferdinand Kreitan (1850)
On 13 February 1807, troops invaded Chechnya. The detachment of General Bulgakov could only penetrate the territory of Greater Chechnya by passing the Khankala Gorge, known to the line Cossacks as the Iron Gates.[2] At that time, about twenty Chechen farms and auls were located in the vicinity of the Khankala Gorge.
On the 15th, the troops moved forward, almost to the very edge of the Khankala forest and camped opposite the village of Yangi-Yurt. The Chechens were waiting for the approach of the Russians, and as soon as they appeared, frequent rifle shots rained down from the forest. The whole day there was a shootout, at dusk crowds of Chechens rushed into hand-to-hand combat, but the Nizhny Novgorod dragoons under the command of Colonel K. F. Stal successfully beat them off.[3]
By the time the troops approached, the Chechens had heavily fortified the gorge, creating rows of blockages, ditches and fences. "In the middle of the dense forest of plane trees, in the depths of the gorge, the Chechens took a terrible, almost impregnable position. It was covered from the front by a whole series of blockages, surrounded by ditches and moats; even further went log cabins, dotted with loopholes.[4]
On the morning of the 17th, troops entered the protected forest in three columns. Nizhny Novgorod, dismounted, who sent their horses to Wegenburg, were distributed among all three columns, but most of them were concentrated in the left column, commanded by K. F. Stal. The Chechens greeted the attackers with a wild cry, and the whole forest trembled from the mixed sounds of the fierce battle that immediately began. Continuous shooting, hand-to-hand fighting, knocking, yaw of shying Cossack horses, crackling of trees, Bulgakov says in his report, made up a very striking picture for the eyes and ears and gave rise to extraordinary feelings. The attackers seemed to be in a fiery club. Slowly, step by step, the troops moved forward, showered with bullets from the front, turning their guns now to the right, then to the left to repel the Chechens, who attacked them furiously from the flanks. But following this bloody path, the soldiers took notch after notch, blockage after blockage, blockhouse after blockhouse. Stal’s left column found the obstacles almost insurmountable. Knocked out of some trenches and spotted, the enemy took cover behind the stone bends of the gorge, fortified again, and again struck the attackers. The Chechens defended themselves desperately, giving, as Bulgakov put it, a pretext for the attackers to declare countless feats.[5]
Military historian P. M. Sakhno-Ustimovich wrote:[6]
In order to force them out of this ambush, Bulgakov, hastening some of the dragoons and Cossacks of the line that he had, sent them to the arrows, and left the horses, with a little cover, at the entrance to Khankala. But when our troops, fighting incessantly, deepened into the forest gorge, the Chechens, making their way back along the side paths, suddenly attacked the rear guard, repulsed the horses left there and drove them into the forest before they managed to give help to the weak cover, which suffered a significant loss. Thus, at the very beginning of the campaign, we lost up to 500 horses, and the same number of dragoons and Cossacks had to remain on foot during the entire time of the detachment's actions in Chechnya.
The battle went on for seven hours. Finally, the detachment made its way through the forest and went to the other side of the gorge. But three more hours of heroic efforts were needed from the army for the final defeat of the enemy. Highlanders overturned at all points, retreated.[7]
Losses
As a result of a bloody battle, the Russians managed to break through the gorge. In various reports of I.V. Gudovich, Russian losses are called in the amount of 51 to 63 killed with 111 wounded, however, artillery officer Brimmer estimated Russian losses at about a thousand people.[8]
As a result of a stubborn 10-hour assault, accompanied by heavy losses on the part of the Russian army, the Khankala fortification was occupied by the 16th Jaeger Regiment, commanded by General P. G. Likhachev, later the hero of the Battle of Borodino. The commander of the Nizhny Novgorod Dragoon Regiment K. F. Stal was promoted to major general, subsequently appointed commander of the troops of the Caucasian cordon line, governor of the Caucasus region.[9]
The history of Chechnya may refer to the history of the Chechens, of their land Chechnya, or of the land of Ichkeria.
The Chechens, historically also known as Kisti and Durdzuks, are a Northeast Caucasian ethnic group of the Nakh peoples native to the North Caucasus. They are the largest ethnic group in the region and refer to themselves as Nokhchiy. The vast majority of Chechens are Muslims and live in Chechnya, an autonomous republic within the Russian Federation.
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The Caucasian War or the Caucasus War was a 19th-century military conflict between the Russian Empire and various peoples of the North Caucasus who resisted subjugation during the Russian conquest of the Caucasus. It consisted of a series of military actions waged by the Russian Imperial Army and Cossack settlers against the native inhabitants such as the Adyghe, Abaza-Abkhazians, Ubykhs, Chechens, and Dagestanis as the Tsars sought to expand.
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The Chechen–Russian conflict was the centuries-long ethnic and political conflict, often armed, between the Russian, Soviet and Imperial Russian governments and various Chechen forces. The recent phase of the conflict started after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 and ended with the oppression of Chechen separatist leaders and crushing of the separatist movement in the republic proper in 2017.
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The Battle of Dadi-yurt was the capture of the village of Dadi-yurt on 14 (26) September 1819 by order of General Yermolov. During the storm by the Russian forces, the village was completely destroyed.
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Astemir was an Orstkhoy outlaw (abrek) and governor (naib) in Caucasian Imamate. Astemir was the companion and brother-in-law of Beibulat Taimiev. In 1825, even participating in uprising of Chechnya. He was a prominent figure, leading the units of outlaws in raids on the Imperial Russian Caucasian Line.
The Sheikh Mansur Movement, also known as the 1785–1791 Insurgency in the North Caucasus, was a major war between the Russian Empire and the North Caucasians, caused by the Chechen religious and military leader Sheikh Mansur, who opposed the Russian expansionist policies and wanted to unite the North Caucasians under one, single, Islamic state.
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The Russian conquest of the Caucasus, John Frederick Baddeley, 1908
Gapurov Sh. A., Akhmadov Sh. B., Bagaev M. Kh., Khasbulatov A. I. The history of Chechnya from ancient times to the present day / leader Ibragimov M. M .. — Gr .: State Unitary Enterprise «Book Publishing House», 2008 . — T. 1. — 827 p. — ISBN978-5-98896-103-1.
Арсанукаева Малика Султановна. Русско-Чеченские соглашения 1807 года.: политико-правовой аспект // Право и государство: теория и практика. — 2009. — Вып. 8 (56). — ISSN1815-1337.
Бриммэр Э. В. Служба артиллерийского офицера, воспитывавшегося в I кадетском корпусе и выпущенного в 1815 году // Кавказский сборник, Том 16. 1895.
Лачинов Е. Е. Отрывок из «Исповедни» Лачинова // Кавказский сборник, Том 2. 1877
Дебу И. Л. О Кавказской линии к присоединённом к ней Черноморском войске или Общие замечания о поселённых полках, ограждающих Кавказскую линию, и о соседственных горских народах. С 1816 по 1826 год / Ценсор В. Г. Анастасевич. — СПб.: Тип. Карла Крайя, 1829. — 504 с.
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