Anapa campaign (1788) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Part of Sheikh Mansur Movement and Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) | |||||||
| |||||||
Belligerents | |||||||
Sheikh Mansur Movement Ottoman Empire | Russian Empire | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Sheikh Mansur Mustafa Pasha Hussein Batal Pasha | Peter Tekeli Colonel Hermann General Talyzin Lieutenant Mansurov | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
At Ubin: 10,500 At Anapa: 22,000 | ~17,000 ~33 cannons |
The Anapa campaign in 1788 was a military expedition launched by the Russians to capture the fortress of Anapa. The expedition ended in failure for the Russian army.
On April 22, 1788, the Russian prince Grigory Potemkin ordered the general Peter Tekeli to march against the Ottoman fortress of Anapa and capture it; however, the strong floods of mountain rivers in 1788 did not allow the campaign to begin. Only in 11 August did General Tekelli begin marching; he was accompanied by General Talyzin. [1] [2] On September 11, the Russians crossed the Kuban river. The Russians successfully overcame enemy attacks and crossed the Ubin river on September 25.
Tekelli divided the troops into two forces under General Ratiev and Colonel Hermann. A third force under Lieutenant Mansurov was the first to move to the upper river to meet the Turks. Mansurov's detachment suddenly came across the Turkish camp led by Mustafa Pasha. The Caucasian-Ottoman forces consisted of 2,500 Turks and 8,000 Caucasians. Mansurov's detachment did not even have time to regroup for battle when they were surrounded by the enemy. Having formed a square, Mansurov fought off attacks for five hours until reinforcements arrived and forced the Ottomans to retreat. [3]
On October 13, 1788, the Russians arrived at Anapa fortress, preparing the fortress for defense. On October 14, Colonel Hermann, with one dragoon brigade and the Volga Cossack regiment, made a reconnaissance of the fort. The Ottomans attacked with heavy fire from the fort. When all the fortress guns fired a volley at once, the head of the Turkish garrison, Hussein Batal Pasha, appeared at the main front. [4] [5]
When the Caucasians, who were hiding in the forests around the fortress, saw Batal Pasha in the front, they suddenly marched with 11 guns against the Russians and, under the cover of their fire, launched a fierce attack which forced the Russians to retreat. At the same time, Janissaries came out of the fortress gates and rushed towards the Russian. [4]
The Russians were in a critical situation. Colonel Hermann was rescued by reinforcements who arrived in time, which gave him time to retreat. However, the reinforcements were in a dangerous situation as well. The garrison launched a sudden sortie against the Russians, but they were saved by the Dragoon Brigade, which successfully pushed back the Ottomans and Caucasians who came to rescue them. Soon after this battle, Tekelli realized that attacking the fortress would cost him the lives of his soldiers and would be difficult to hold. [4]
Catherine and Prince Potemkin were dissatisfied with the actions of Tekelli, accusing him of lacking energy and determination. Tekelli was removed from his post as commander but continued to serve in the Caucasus. [4]
The Sultan dispatched firmans to the Caucasians with a call to expel the Russians from the Caucasus. Imam Mansur launched his religious sermons among the Caucasians. They favorably listened to the speeches of the imam instead of the Turks, whom they considered no less threatening to their independence as the Russians. [4]
The Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire was one of the Russo-Turkish Wars. Russia prevailed, but both sides wanted peace as they feared Napoleon's moves to the east.
The Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792 involved an unsuccessful attempt by the Ottoman Empire to regain lands lost to the Russian Empire in the course of the previous Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774). It took place concomitantly with the Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791), Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) and Theatre War.
The Battle of Sarikamish was an engagement between the Russian and Ottoman empires during World War I. It took place from December 22, 1914, to January 17, 1915, as part of the Caucasus campaign.
The siege of Ochakov or the siege of Özi was one of the major events of the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792). It was known as "Özi Kuşatması" in Turkish.
The Battle of Kürekdere took place on 6 August 1854 as part of the Crimean War. The battle occurred when an Ottoman army from the Ottoman fortress of Kars marched out to confront a marauding Russian detachment near the village of Kürekdere in the Trans-Caucasus.
The Russo-Circassian War, also known as the Russian invasion of Circassia, was the invasion of Circassia by Russia, starting in 1763 (O.S) with the Russian Empire assuming authority in Circassia, followed by the Circassian refusal, and ending 100 years, 10 months and 6 days later with the last army of Circassia defeated on 21 May 1864 (O.S), making it exhausting and casualty-heavy for both sides. The Russo-Circassian War was the longest war both Russia and Circassia have ever fought and the longest war in the Caucasus region.
The Bergmann Offensive was the first engagement of the Caucasus Campaign. The first battle after the Russians took Bayazet during World War I. General Georgy Bergmann, commander of the 1st Caucasus Army Corps, took the initiative against the Ottoman Empire.
The Battle of Cetate was fought during the Crimean War. In this battle a large Ottoman force under Ahmed Pasha unsuccessfully attempted to capture the village of Cetate which was controlled by Russian Colonel Alexander Baumgarten.
The Battle of Aldy, also known as the Battle of the Sunzha River was a failed military expedition launched by the Russian Empire with the aim of capturing Sheikh Mansur, who, through his speeches and teachings had gained a wide following the North Caucasus, especially in his hometown Aldy. His teachings on Jihad ("Gazavat") and his idea of the unification of the North Caucasian tribes under a single Islamic state concerned the Russian administration, who, as a result, sent a 3,000 strong force under Nikolai de Pieri in order to capture him.
The Battle of Başgedikler occurred on 1 December 1853 during the Crimean War when a Russian army attacked and defeated a large Turkish force near the village of Başgedikler in the Trans-Caucasus.
The siege of Anapa or the storming of Anapa was a siege that took place on July 3, 1791, when the Russian Empire attacked the Turkish-regulated Anapa fort in Circassia as part of the Russo-Turkish War and the Russo-Circassian War.
The Battle of Grigoriopolis, or the siege of Grigoriopolis was a 2 day long siege of the Grigoripolis Redoubt by Sheikh Mansur's forces which ultimately failed and forced the North Caucasians to retreat.
The siege of Kizlyar in July 1785 was the second major confrontation between the Russian Empire and the forces of Sheikh Mansur. The North Caucasians hoped to capture the fortress of Kizlyar, which was the Russian economic center of the North Caucasus. After fierce fighting, they failed however as the fortress was well fortified and defended. After retreating, the Russian command sent the Tomsk infantry to attack the rebels as a show of strength and also to push them away from Kizlyar, but the regiment was forced to retreat with heavy losses, ending the 4 day long Siege of Kizlyar in no deciding victory for either side.
The Anapa campaign (1787) was a military expedition launched by the Russians to capture the fortress of Anapa. The Russians failed to capture the fort.
The Anapa Campaign in the winter of 1790 was a military expedition launched by Russia to capture the fortress of Anapa. The expedition failed.
The Sheikh Mansur Movement, also known as the 1785–1791 Insurgency in the North Caucasus, was a major war between the Russian Empire and the North Caucasians, caused by the Chechen religious and military leader Sheikh Mansur, who opposed the Russian expansionist policies and wanted to unite the North Caucasians under one, single, Islamic state.
On January 16, 1788, Chechen fighters attempted to attack a plantation near Chervlyonnaya, spurred by Sheikh Mansur's letters urging them to attack Russian settlements. However, the Russian Empire repelled the attack.
The Battle of the Tokhtamysh River, also known as the Battle of the Abazinka River, was a major battle between the Ottoman forces and the North Caucasians with a Russian army led by Johann Hermann von Fersen. The battle ended in a major Russian victory and forced the Ottomans and North Caucasians to flee. The main commander of the combined army, Batal Hussein Pasha, was captured, however, according to some sources, Batal surrendered himself without a fight to the Russians and betrayed his army.
The Battle of the Shibza River was a short battle between Russian forces led by Yuri Bibikov and combined Turkish–Circassian troops led by Aji Mustafa Pasha. It ended in a Russian victory.
The siege of Anapa of 1788 was a major confrontation between the North Caucasians led by Sheikh Mansur and Turkish troops led by the commander of Anapa, Tatal-Bey, with a Russian force led by General Peter Tekeli. During the battle, the Russian army managed to force the Turks and North Caucasians into the fortress, after which they began besieging it. However, according to General Tekeli, the Russian army was not ready to storm Anapa yet, and if they managed to capture fortress, it would be difficult to hold. Thus, the Russian troops retreated from Anapa on October 15, 1788, and, except for minor skirmishes with Circassian mountaineers, the iege of Anapa was the last major battle of the campaign and the year 1788 as a whole.