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The American juvenile justice system is the primary system used to handle minors who are convicted of criminal offenses. The system is composed of a federal and many separate state, territorial, and local jurisdictions, with states and the federal government sharing sovereign police power under the common authority of the United States Constitution. The juvenile justice system intervenes in delinquent behavior through police, court, and correctional involvement, with the goal of rehabilitation. Youth and their guardians can face a variety of consequences including probation, community service, youth court, youth incarceration and alternative schooling. The juvenile justice system, similar to the adult system, operates from a belief that intervening early in delinquent behavior will deter adolescents from engaging in criminal behavior as adults.
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Miriam Van Waters was an American prison reformer of the early to mid-20th century whose methods owed much to her upbringing as an Episcopalian involved in the Social Gospel movement. During her career as a penologist, which spanned most of the years from 1914 through 1957, she served as superintendent of three prisons: Frazier Detention Home for boys and girls in Portland, Oregon; Los Angeles County Juvenile Hall for girls, and the Massachusetts Correctional Institution – Framingham, then called the Massachusetts Reformatory for Women. While in California, Van Waters established an experimental reformatory school, El Retiro, for girls age 14 to 19. In each case, Van Waters developed programs that favored education, work, recreation, and a sense of community over unalloyed incarceration and punishment.
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Paul Cashman Reardon was a justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court from 1962 to 1972. He was appointed by Governor John Volpe.
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References
- ↑ "Alper, Benedict Solomon, 1905-". Boston College Libraries.
- 1 2 3 "Benedict Solomon Alper papers". Boston College Libraries.
- 1 2 "Benedict S. Alper (1906-1994)" (PDF). American Sociological Association.
- ↑ "Love and Politics in Wartime: Letters to My Wife, 1943-45". waterstones.com.
- ↑ "Benedict S. Alper". Tulsa World.
- ↑ "Alper, Benedict Solomon, 1905-BENEDICT S. ALPER". Orlando Sentinel.
- ↑ "Judgement No. 8" (PDF). un.org.