Betatron oscillations

Betatron oscillations are the fast transverse oscillations of a charged particle in various focusing systems, such as linear accelerators, storage rings or transfer channels. Oscillations are usually considered as a small deviations from the ideal reference orbit and determined by transverse forces of focusing elements, i.e., depending on transverse deviation value: quadrupole magnets, electrostatic lenses, RF-fields. This transverse motion is the subject of study of electron optics. Betatron oscillations were first studied by D.W. Kerst and R. Serber in 1941 while commissioning the first betatron. ^[1] The fundamental study of betatron oscillations was carried out by Ernest Courant, M. Stanley Livingston and Hartland Snyder, who revolutionized high-energy accelerator design by applying the strong focusing principle. ^[2]

Hill's equations

Moving coordinate system

The betatron phase advance divided by ${\displaystyle 2\pi }$ is called the tune (fractional part).

To hold particles of the beam inside the vacuum chamber of an accelerator or transfer channel, magnetic or electrostatic elements are used. The guiding field of dipole magnets sets the reference orbit of the beam while focusing magnets, whose field linearly depends on the transverse coordinates, applies small deviations to particles, forcing them to oscillate stably around a reference orbit. For any orbit one can locally use the Frenet–Serret coordinate system, which co-propagates with the reference particle. Assuming small deviations of the particle in all directions and after linearization of all the fields one will come to the linear equations of motion which are a pair of Hill equations: ^[3]

${\displaystyle {\begin{cases}x''+k_{x}(s)x=0\\y''+k_{y}(s)y=0\\\end{cases}}.}$

Here ${\displaystyle k_{x}(s)={\frac {1}{r_{0}^{2}}}+{\frac {G(s)}{B\rho }}}$, ${\displaystyle k_{y}(s)=-{\frac {G(s)}{B\rho }}}$ are periodic functions in a case of cyclic accelerator such as a betatron or synchrotron. ${\displaystyle G(s)={\frac {\partial B_{z}}{\partial x}}}$ is a magnetic field gradient. Prime means derivative over s, path along the beam trajectory. The product of guiding field and curvature radius ${\displaystyle B\rho =B\cdot r_{0}}$ is the magnetic rigidity, which is related to the momentum via the Lorentz force ${\displaystyle pc=eZB\rho }$, where ${\displaystyle eZ}$ is a particle charge.

As the equations of transverse motion are independent from each other, they can be solved separately. For one-dimensional motion the solution of Hill equation is a quasi-periodical oscillation. It can be written as ${\displaystyle x(s)=A{\sqrt {\beta _{x}(s)}}\cdot \cos(\Psi _{x}(s)+\phi _{0})}$, where ${\displaystyle \beta (s)}$ is the Twiss beta function, ${\displaystyle \Psi (s)}$ is a betatron phase advance and ${\displaystyle A}$ is an invariant amplitude known as Courant-Snyder invariant. ^{[4] [ additional citation(s) needed ]}

In lattices using high order magnets, such as sextupoles or octupoles, non-linear effects appear leading to tune shift with amplitude.

References

1. Kerst, D. W.; Serber, R. (Jul 1941). "Electronic Orbits in the Induction Accelerator". Physical Review . 60 (1): 53–58. Bibcode:1941PhRv...60...53K. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.60.53.
2. Courant, Ernest D.; Livingston, Milton S.; Snyder, Hartland (Dec 1952). "The Strong-Focusing Synchrotron — A New High-Energy Accelerator". Physical Review . 88 (5): 1190–1196. Bibcode:1952PhRv...88.1190C. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.88.1190.
3. Courant, Ernest D.; Snyder, Hartland (Jan 1958). "Theory of the alternating-gradient synchrotron". Annals of Physics . 3 (1): 1–48. Bibcode:1958AnPhy...3....1C. doi:10.1016/0003-4916(58)90012-5.
4. Qin, Hong; Davidson, Ronald C. (22 May 2006). "Symmetries and invariants of the oscillator and envelope equations with time-dependent frequency". Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams. 9 (5). doi: 10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.9.054001 . ISSN   1098-4402.

Literature

• Edwards, D. A.; Syphers, M. J. (1993). An introduction to the physics of high energy accelerators. New York: Wiley. ISBN   978-0-471-55163--8.
• Wiedemann, Helmut (2007). Particle accelerator physics (3rd ed.). Berlin: Springer. pp. 158–161. ISBN   978-3-540-49043-2.