The history of Botswana encompasses the region's ancient and tribal history,its colonisation as the Bechuanaland Protectorate,and the present-day Republic of Botswana. The first modern humans to inhabit Botswana were the San people,and agriculture first developed approximately 2,300 years ago. The first Bantu peoples arrived c. 200 AD,and the first Tswana people arrived about 200 years later. The Tswana people split into various tribes over the following thousand years as migrations within the region continued,culminating in the Difaqane in the late 18th century. European contact first occurred in 1816,which led to the Christianization of the region.
Botswana is a parliamentary republic in which the President of Botswana is both head of state and head of government. The nation's politics are based heavily on British parliamentary politics and on traditional Batswana chiefdom. The legislature is made up of the unicameral National Assembly and the advisory body of tribal chiefs,the Ntlo ya Dikgosi. The National Assembly chooses the president,but once in office the president has significant authority over the legislature with only limited separation of powers.
The President of the Republic of Botswana is the head of state and the head of government of Botswana,as well as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces,according to the Constitution of Botswana. Sir Seretse Khama was the prime minister from 1965 to 1966,however he later became president of Botswana,and as of 2024 there have been no prime ministers since.
The Botswana Democratic Party is a political party in Botswana. It was the ruling party of Botswana for 58 years,from independence in 1966 until the 2024 general election. Its chairman is Slumber Tsogwane and its symbol is a lift jack. The BDP is sometimes classified as a paternalistic conservative party,but it is also a consultative member of the Socialist International,a worldwide alliance of social-democratic parties. The BDP was shaped primarily by two of its founders,Seretse Khama and Quett Ketumile Masire. Traditional Setswana communities make up the party's base,which has led the BDP to remain a conservative movement.
The University of Botswana (UB) was established in 1982,as the first institution of higher education in Botswana. The university currently has three campuses:one in the capital city Gaborone,one in Francistown,and another in Maun. The University of Botswana is divided into six faculties:Business,Education,Engineering,Humanities,Health Sciences,Science and Social Sciences and the Sir Ketumile Masire Teaching Hospital. UB is ranked 1201–1500 in the world and 21st in sub-Saharan Africa in the 2024 Times Higher Education World University Ranking.
Moshupa is a large village in the Southern District of Botswana with a population of 20,016 per the 2011 census. The people of Moshupa are called the Bakgatla-ba-ga Mmanaana,a group also found in Thamaga. Along with the related Bakgatla-ba-ga Kgafela of Mochudi,they arrived to the region from the Transvaal region in South Africa throughout the eighteenth century.
Unity Dow is a Motswana lawyer,author,human rights activist and Member of parliament for Kgatleng West since November 2024. She formerly served as a judge on the High Court of Botswana and in various Botswana government ministries. Born in the Bechuanaland Protectorate to a seamstress and a farmer,who insisted on their children obtaining an education,Dow grew up in a traditional rural village before modernisation. She earned a law degree in 1983 from the University of Botswana and Swaziland,though her studies were completed in Swaziland and University of Edinburgh,Scotland,as Botswana had no law school at the time. After her graduation,Dow opened the first all-woman law firm in Botswana and in 1997 became the first woman to be appointed as a judge to the country's High Court.
Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi is a Botswana journalist and politician who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Botswana from 2014 until December 2018. She was appointed to the National Assembly of Botswana in 1999 as one of the four specially selected members and was re-elected in the 2004 general elections.
Tshekedi Stanford Khama is a Botswana politician. He was MP for Serowe West from 2008 to 21 April 2023. He was automatically disqualified from the National Assembly after missing two consecutive sessions because of his self-imposed exile to South Africa.
Seretse Khama Ian Khama is a Botswana politician and former military officer who was the fourth President of the Republic of Botswana from 1 April 2008 to 1 April 2018. After serving as Commander of the Botswana Defence Force,he entered politics and was Vice-President of Botswana from 1998 to 2008,then succeeded Festus Mogae as President on 1 April 2008. He won a full term in the 2009 election and was re-elected in October 2014.
Ponatshego Honorius Kefaeng Kedikilwe is a Motswana politician who was Vice-President of Botswana from 2012 to 2014. A member of the ruling Botswana Democratic Party (BDP),he has also served as Minister of Minerals,Energy,and Water Resources since 2007.
The Botswana Ground Forces is the army of the country of Botswana,and the land component of the Botswana Defence Force.
Mokgweetsi Eric Keabetswe Masisi is a Motswana politician and former President of Botswana,who served between 1 April 2018 to 1 November 2024. He served as the 8th Vice President of Botswana from 12 November 2014 to 1 April 2018. He was a Member of Parliament in the National Assembly for the Moshupa-Manyana constituency from 2009 to 2018.
Slumber Tsogwane is a Motswana politician who served as Vice President of Botswana from April 2018 to November 2024. He is also former Member of Parliament for Boteti West. He was the longest serving Member of Parliament of the 12th Parliament of Botswana. He is a member of the Botswana Democratic Party.
Neo Jane Masisi also known as Mma Atsile is the Former First Lady of Botswana and the wife of Former Botswana President Mokgweetsi Masisi.
Botswana held a general election in October 2019. Though it was more competitive than previous elections,it resulted in a victory for the ruling Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) and won an addition term for President Mokgweetsi Masisi. Botswana saw an escalation in the rivalry between Masisi and his predecessor Ian Khama,with Khama leaving the Botswana Democratic Party to support the Botswana Patriotic Front and the Umbrella for Democratic Change. Following the BDP's victory,opposition leaders challenged the results of the election.
Thapelo Matsheka is a Motswana politician and economist who served as the Minister of Finance and Economic Development from November 2019 to April 2021. He was elected as the Member of the National Assembly for Lobatse in October 2019. He is a member of the Botswana Democratic Party. Matsheka is the former Managing Director of Fiducia Services.
Botswana continued to address the COVID-19 pandemic in 2022,including the discovery of the COVID-19 variant Omicron BA.4 and BA.5,with COVID-19 restrictions being relaxed in October. Continued disputes took place regarding the Botswana–Namibia border,though an open border was established in September. The rivalry between President Mokgweetsi Masisi and his predecessor Ian Khama escalated in 2022,accelerated by firearms charges against Khama and a warrant for his arrest. The government also saw controversy for its support of bills that would grant it additional espionage powers and regulate journalists.
Andrew Maatla Motsomi is a Botswana economist and corporate executive,who serves as the managing director and chief executive officer of Debswana Diamond Company Limited,the largest diamond-mining company in the world,by value. He was appointed to that position in May 2022 on a five-year contract. He assumed office on 1 June 2022.
The History of Botswana includes its pre-state history,its colonial period as the Bechuanaland Protectorate,and its modern history as a sovereign state.
Botswana