Bonfire (band)

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Bonfire
Bonfire Metal Frenzy 2019 35.jpg
Bonfire at Metal Frenzy 2019
Background information
Also known asCacumen, Lessmann/Ziller, Ex, EZ Livin'
Origin Ingolstadt, Germany
Genres Hard rock, heavy metal
Years active1972–1985 (as Cacumen), 1986–present (as Bonfire)
Labels BMG, RCA, Sony, LZ, Universal, HÁrt, UDR/Warner
Members Hans Ziller
Frank Pané
Ronnie Parkes
Fabio Alessandrini
Dyan
Past membersHans Zehetbauer
Alfons Schlamp
Karl Ziller
Hanns Schmidt-Theißen
Hans Hauptmann
Hans Forstner
Robert Prskalowicz
Horst Maier-Thorn
David Reece
Angel Schleifer
Joerg Deisinger
Edgar Patrik
Chris Lausmann
Jürgen "Bam Bam" Wiehler
Dominik Hülshorst
Claus Lessmann
Chris "Yps" Limburg
Uwe Köhler
Harry Reischmann
Michael Bormann
Andrè Hilgers
Tim Breideband
Alexx Stahl
Website bonfire.de

Bonfire (originally Cacumen) is a German hard rock/heavy metal band, founded by Hans Ziller in Ingolstadt in 1972. [1] In 1986, based on the advice of the record company and the management, the band changed its name to Bonfire. Original founder Ziller is still in the band and is the only one who has the rights to the Bonfire name.

Contents

Biography

Cacumen (1972–1986)

In 1972, in the Bavarian town of Ingolstadt the teenaged guitarist Hans Ziller, put together a rock band called Cacumen with his guitarist brother Karl and gathered a bunch of friends to complete the band. The name of the group was taken from a school test Hans had done and it translates from Latin as "the top of a mountain". For the next six years, the band played in small local venues, but formed a fan base in their hometown. In 1978, the group consisted of Hans and Karl on guitars, Horst Maier on guitar (in 1983, Maier's last name would become Maier-Thorn), Hans Hauptmann on bass and Hans Forstner on drums. When the band started searching for a replacement singer, Claus Lessmann, a fellow student of Hans', was hired.

Lessmann previously had performed in the bands Ginger and Sunset and was known for his harmonic vocals and he fit in perfectly with Cacumen. With this line-up, the band had a chance to start branching out to venues outside Ingolstadt. The band recorded a single in 1979 called "Riding Away", which featured the song "Wintertale" on the flip side. The group used this opportunity to begin touring in clubs, schools and even in parking lots. The fan base grew and Cacumen was finally signed to an independent label. By then though, Karl Ziller had departed the group. The self-titled Cacumen album was released in 1981 and featured a new version of "Riding Away".

Eventually, Cacumen got in contact with Hanns Schmidt-Theissen, who owned a small music studio. Schmidt-Theissen had played with the group on the "Riding Away" single and was supporting the band at live venues on keyboards. Since money was poor and Schmidt-Theissen was willing to help, they recorded the album Bad Widow at his studio in Rodgau, Germany in 1982. Schmidt-Theissen helped the group to get a contract, and was successful at the time.

Meanwhile, the fan base of the band was growing as was the number of performance dates. In 1983, Robert Prskalowicz replaced Hans Hauptmann on bass and this group became the best-known Cacumen formation, but when they signed with BMG, the group had had a total make-over. Prskalowicz and Hans Forstner were no longer with the group as of March 1985. They departed because they could not commit to the group full-time and were replaced with Joerg Deisinger on bass, previously from Rascal and Dynasty, while Dominik Hülshorst from Darxon became the new drummer. [2] The band updated also their image, donning the standard look of an 80s hard rock group. Finally, the company requested a name change, as they found Cacumen was too hard for the average customer to pronounce and not a very marketable name. After a brain storming session, the new name selected was Bonfire, which came into effect in May 1986. [2]

Bonfire, the first coming (1986–1994)

Bonfire's worldwide debut album was released in June 1986 with the title Don't Touch the Light . [1] During the recording of the follow-up album in May 1987, Hülshorst was fired due to musical differences and Bonfire proceeded to release their next album Fireworks as a quartet, [1] with the drums played by Ken Mary from the American heavy metal band Fifth Angel. [2] Two versions of this album exist, the worldwide version and the North American version, which cover features the four members and contains the song "You Make Me Feel" from the first album.

Between the second and third albums, Bonfire went through many changes. Although Tommy Wagner filled the drum kit for a TV spot, the band needed a new full-time drummer, which appeared in December 1987, when Edgar Patrik from Sinner, Samson and Tyran Pace joined. [2] In July 1988, during the Fireworks Tour, Maier had to leave due to his rheumatism becoming too much of a crippling factor to play guitar and be on stage. Taking his spot in August was Angel Schleifer, formerly of Doc Savage, Red Alert, Sinner, Mad Max, Pretty Maids and Helter Skelter. [2] The tour went on and once it was completed, the band settled down to collaborate for a new album. It was then that Hans Ziller had problems with the record company and the band's management due in part to his family commitments at the time. Against the band's better decisions, he was fired from the group for not having his focus on the band and in June 1989 and Bonfire carried on as a quartet. [2] Bonfire's first two albums were the only ones released commercially in North America.

Despite the business decision, Lessmann and Ziller maintained a great friendship. When Ziller formed his own group, Lessmann was asked to write songs as well as perform vocals. The record company's policy did not allow him to do so, leaving Ziller the task to find a replacement singer for his new band, EZ Livin'.

The decision to remove Ziller from Bonfire began to show on Lessmann, who had remained in the band. After many attempts to break through in the North American scene and what he thought was a disappointing fourth album, Lessmann left the band on 25 September 1992. [2] His announcement was not a total shock to the rest of the band, but it did leave them with the dilemma of who would take his place. One vocalist that had the group's attention was Michael Bormann, who was singing for Letter X and had his own side-group called Jaded Heart. Moreover, he was previously in High Voltage and the J.R. Blackmore Group. Even though he was willing to sing with Bonfire, he was committed to his other two projects so the group continued looking. The unsuccessful attempt to find a full-time vocalist led to Bormann becoming the new frontman of Bonfire in March 1993. [2] Although he did leave Letter X, he maintained his band Jaded Heart.

Despite the new singer, Bonfire were in a rut now. Their record company refused to release any new material that did not have Lessmann singing and the years of grunge music had started. [2] The band felt that the end was in sight and released a live album featuring concert recordings from the Point Blank Tour with Lessmann on vocals. The album Bormann had sung on was shelved (but later released as a bootleg called Bonfire - End of an Era Demos) and Bonfire performed for the last time on 29 July 1994 without officially breaking up. [2]

Claus & Hans - Lessmann/Ziller to Ex (1992–1996)

While Bonfire was trying to carry on with their new lead vocalist, Lessmann and Ziller reunited in 1992 to form the project Lessmann/Ziller, after Hans Ziller had disbanded EZ Livin'. [1] In 1993, they released the German sung EP Glaub dran . The EP was followed by a few single releases of songs that were not on the initial recording. The project had limited success, not as was initially expected. In 1995, Lessmann/Ziller evolved to become a group called Ex, which in May featured Joerg Deisinger on bass and Dominik Hülshorst on drums, almost a reunion of the 1986 Bonfire line-up. EX was a good band, but Lessmann and Ziller realized that the only means of recapturing their old fan base was under the name Bonfire.

The Return of Bonfire - Charade emerges (1996–2000)

In 1996, Lessmann and Ziller decided to start legal proceedings to get the rights to the Bonfire name as well as to the music from 1986 to 1992. On 3 July, a one-time payment was made to the last Bonfire members of 1994 and Lessmann and Ziller renamed their Ex project to Bonfire. The second coming began with the reissue of Glaub dran with other songs in English in 1996. In 1997 they hired Chris Lausmann on guitar and keyboards, who had played with Affair and Frontline; Uwe Köhler on bass, formally from Black Tears, Paradise Leaf, Big Apple, Lipstikk, Blitzkrieg and British Steel; and finally Jurgen Wiehler on drums, who had played with Backdoor Affair, Heaven Sent, Chain Reaction, Loud & Proud, EZ Livin', Parish Garden, Wet Paint and 88 Crash.

Also in 1997, Michael Bormann and Angel Schleifer got back together and wanted to release the shelved Bonfire album they had recorded in 1993. Joerg Deisinger was not interested and Edgar Patrik had other commitments, so the reunion was only for the duo composed by Bormann and Schleifer. Because of the change of ownership for the Bonfire name, Bormann and Schleifer decided to call themselves Charade. The shelved album was released in 1998 in Japan, becoming a highly sought after CD. The partnership between Bormann and Schleifer ended in May 2011, releasing 2 albums in total.

Worldwide exposure (2001–2014)

Bonfire at Global East Rock Festival 2010 Bonfire at Global East Rock Festival 2010 (1).jpg
Bonfire at Global East Rock Festival 2010

Since 1996, Bonfire has released at least one album a year and their fan base has grown, surpassing their 1980s popularity. In 2002, Lausmann left the group, but that did not stop the band. In 2004, after successfully gaining the rights to their pre-Bonfire material, the band released a five-part CD series called The Early Days. Parts 1, 2 and 3 were the reissuing of the Cacumen albums, part 4 was the EZ Livin' album and part 5 was the Lessmann/Ziller album, every one of them featuring bonus material.

In 2006, Bonfire celebrated their 20th anniversary with Chris Limburg from Vice, Wet Paint and Lustfinger in the role of co-guitarist. In 2008, Bonfire released a rock opera album called The Räuber . A special DVD of the opera performance that also featured new music videos of several of the songs from the album was released soon afterwards, including a remixed version of the song "You Make Me Feel". The new version of the song is featured on the video game SingStar .

2009 saw the return of yet another original member of Bonfire. Jürgen Wiehler left the band unexpectedly and was replaced with the returning Dominik Hülshorst on 15 January. This was followed by the long anticipated return to the North American stage as the band performed at the Rocklahoma Festival on 12 July in Pryor, Oklahoma, US. In 2010, on 25 March, Bonfire signed to a major label again, this time with Universal Music, with hopes that they would be handled and promoted much better than BMG did in the 1980s. Unfortunately this partnership lasted only a few months. They released the single "Deutsche National Hymne" for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa, remaining on the German Top 50 Single Charts for seven weeks.

In 2011, the band released Branded as a studio album, which also made the German album charts. This was followed up with a complete live performance release of their 1987 album, Fireworks, entitled Fireworks Still Alive. Dominik Hülshorst's stay with Bonfire unfortunately was short, ending in March 2012. He was replaced by Gregorian drummer Harry Reischmann.

New line-up (2015–present)

It was announced on 11 January by a member of Bonfire's public relations team, with direct quotes from Hans Ziller, that Bonfire had gone through a great change for 2015. According to an e-mail that was sent out to fans by Willi Wrede, a falling out had occurred between long time singer Claus Lessmann and founder member Ziller that resulted in "an ending" to the band. The web site known as melodicrock.com [3] had already published the news two days prior that this had happened with addition information that former Accept and Bangalore Choir vocalist David Reece would be taking on the vocal duties and recording a new album with the group. The e-mail by Wrede went into further details of what had occurred. Lessmann and Chris Limburg no longer had the desire to continue and Uwe Köhler had also decided to leave the group and pursue a new course in music with another band. Ziller had wanted to carry on with Harry Reischmann (drums) and so hired Reece as well as Ronnie Parkes (Bass) from Seven Witches These musicians for the year of 2014 were performing together as EZ Livin', a solo venture by Ziller while Bonfire had taken a break. The new second guitarist of Bonfire is Frank Pané, member of the German metal band Solemnity and ex-member of Red to Grey, and Valley's Eve.

Bonfire at Headbangers Open Air 2016 Bonfire - Headbangers Open Air 2016 14.jpg
Bonfire at Headbangers Open Air 2016

In 2016, Bonfire celebrated their 30th anniversary and a new double album, Pearls, released on UDR/Warner on 18 March 2016. This recording featured past band hits that were re-recorded. At the beginning of July it was announced that Reece and the band had mutually agreed to part ways. To fill in the vacancy Michael Bormann was announced as the new frontman, but he was not able to join the group for a few months. Alexx Stahl of Purple Rising and Roxxcalibur agreed to be a temporary singer to fulfill the band's commitments until Bormann's arrival. During that time the group agreed that Stahl put a lot of effort in to the performances, so it was agreed all around that he would become the full-time lead vocalist.

Alexx said about the beginning of the cooperation:

,, I received a call in summer 2016. Bonfire was looking for a spare singer for the ongoing tour because David Reece was out. I saw that I could get some good promotion for me and my other bands there so I joined Bonfire for 16 shows. I had only 10 days to learn the whole live set but it worked." [4]

Members

Current members

Discography

Cacumen

Bonfire (1986–present)

Studio albums

Live albums

Compilation albums

Singles

VHS / DVDs

Lessmann/Ziller

Ex

Charade

EZ Livin'

Side projects

This does not count what former members have done since leaving Cacumen and Bonfire.

Joerg Deisinger had played on the 1989 album, entitled Wild Obsession , by Axel Rudi Pell. [2] While a part of EX he started the band known as Sabu.

Claus Lessmann was planned to be the lead singer of EZ Livin' while still maintaining membership in Bonfire in 1990. Problems arose and he stayed with Bonfire, but he recorded some demos, which appeared on Bonfire - The Early Days Part 4.

Michael Bormann, when he joined Bonfire in 1993, maintained his membership in Jaded Heart and also was involved with a recording by the J.R. Blackmore Group. During the time Charade existed from 1997 to 2011, he was still with Jaded Heart until 2004 doing five albums in that time. He has been involved with other projects since then as well. The Sygnet until 2000 with one album; being a soloist since 2002 (four albums up to 2011); created the band known as Rain in 1997 and disbanded by 2008 (two albums); part of Biss (2002–2004) doing one album; 20th Century Boys (2003-2004) with one release. This was followed with Zeno (2005–present) with one album; The Trophy (2006–present) one album; and Bloodbound (2007) also one album. He has been with Redrum since 2004 with one album in 2007 and Idea (2003–present). During his VERY brief time with Bonfire in 2016, Michael was still associated with Zeno, The Trophy, Redrum, Idea, Powerworld, Grindhouse and Silent Force as well as remaining a soloist.

Hans Ziller, when Bonfire took a break in 2014, resurrected EZ Livin' temporarily for one release. The group was then rebranded to become the third incarnation of Bonfire.

Chris Lausmann's former band, Frontline, reunited in 2000. He stayed with them until 2002 that included two albums. He also had a project with Frontline vocalist Stephen Kaemmerer called Revolution, but nothing came of that.

Uwe Köhler joined Affair in 1999 and the group released an album in 2002. News from the band's website states a new album is in the works with a new membership line-up but it is unknown if Köhler is still a member.

Jürgen Wiehler was part of the punk-rock band known as Lustfinger from 2002 to 2012, appearing on a couple of albums. He was listed as a member of The Scovilles (2004–2008) and has been a member of the industrial metal band Megaherz since 2007.

Angel Schleifer, since Charade came into existence, was part of Sabu until 1998 and a short reunion in 2003, that included two albums, but he and Paul Sabu have worked together on one of Paul's solo albums. He was also involved with Demon Drive until 2001 with one album and has contributed to the two albums done by the Voices of Rock project spanning from 2007 to 2009.

Harry Reischmann, during his time with Bonfire, was involved with AXEperience, Solemnity until 2012, Gregorian, Skibbie, Rock The Big Band and even was part of Hans Ziller's resurrected EZ Livin', which became the third incarnation of Bonfire.

David Reece was with the following groups while he was involved with Bonfire: Tango Down, Wicked Sensation, Reece Percudani Group and has done some solo work.

Ronnie Parkes has been with Tango Down and Seven Witches since joining Bonfire.

Frank Pane joined Bonfire but maintained his membership in Purpendicular and AXEperience along with his own solo effort. He has since started a band called Sainted Sinners.

Tim Breideband joined Bonfire while still maintaining his position in Roughhouse.

Alexx Stahl, upon joining Bonfire, maintained his membership in Purple Rising and Roxxcalibur.

Related Research Articles

Hans Ziller is a German musician, known as the founder, lead guitarist, backing vocalist and primary composer of the 1980s melodic hard rock band Bonfire. He founded the band Cacumen as a teenager in 1972. In 1989, in the middle of working on Bonfire's third album Point Blank—which, like the earlier albums, was produced by Michael Wagener—Ziller left the band because of insurmountable differences with the management and the rest of the band and began a project of his own called EZ Livin'. In 1993, he continued with Bonfire.

<i>Dont Touch the Light</i> 1986 studio album by Bonfire

Don't Touch the Light is the first album by German hard rock band Bonfire, following its name change from Cacumen. It was released in 1986 on RCA Records.

<i>Cacumen</i> (album) 1981 studio album by Cacumen

Cacumen is the first full-length album by the heavy metal band Cacumen. It was released in 1981 on the independent label Rockport Records. The album came out after their single, Riding Away, was released two years prior and features a new version of that song. Cacumen would rename themselves Bonfire in 1986. In 2002/2003, Claus Lessmann and Hans Ziller purchased the rights to the Cacumen material and re-release the collection under the Bonfire name individually as well as a box set called The Early Days.

<i>Bad Widow</i> 1983 studio album by Cacumen

Bad Widow is the second and last full-length album by the German hard rock band Cacumen. It was released in 1983 on the independent label Boom Records. Cacumen would rename themselves Bonfire in 1986. In 2002/2003, Claus Lessmann and Hans Ziller purchased the rights to the Cacumen material and re-released the collection under the Bonfire name individually as well as a box set called The Early Days.

<i>Fireworks</i> (Bonfire album) 1987 studio album by Bonfire

Fireworks is the second album by the German hard rock band Bonfire. It was released in 1987 on the label BMG International with two different covers, the worldwide one had a patterned similar to a decorated vault door while the North American version was simply four pictures of each band member in each corner of the cover. This album was recorded with a guest drummer, Ken Mary from Fifth Angel, because the band's drummer was fired during the writing sessions. A new drummer was hired just before the band toured in support of Fireworks. In 2003, the album was certified a Gold seller. Originally the band had recorded 25 songs, settling on 11 tracks.

<i>Point Blank</i> (Bonfire album) 1989 studio album by Bonfire

Point Blank is the third album by the hard rock band Bonfire. It was released in 1989 on the label BMG International. During the recording sessions of this album, Hans Ziller was fired from the band, but the album features 10 songs written by him as well as 3 that feature him playing. Freddy Curci from Alias, Sheriff and Zion also contributed to additional backing vocals for this album. Originally, the band had recorded 30 songs and settled on 17 tracks for the album.

<i>Knock Out</i> (Bonfire album) 1991 studio album by Bonfire

Knock Out is the fourth album by the German hard rock band Bonfire. It was released in 1991 on the label BMG International.

<i>Feels Like Comin Home</i> 1996 studio album by Bonfire

Feels Like Comin' Home is the "comeback" album by German heavy metal band Bonfire. It is the band's fifth album, released in 1996 on the independent label LZ Records, and featured the reunion of Bonfire. The album contains mostly English versions of the Glaub dran album by Lessmann/Ziller, and a German version of the album, Freudenfeuer, was released as well. Ex-Bonfire drummer Dominik Hülshorst contributed to the drums on the album.

<i>Rebel Soul</i> (Bonfire album) 1998 studio album by Bonfire

Rebel Soul is the sixth album by German hard rock band Bonfire. It is the first to feature a complete band membership since the reunion in 1996. It was released in 1997 and then later in 1998 on the independent label Saraya Recordings.

<i>29 Golden Bullets</i> 2001 compilation album by Bonfire

29 Golden Bullets is the third compilation by the German hard rock band Bonfire. It was released in 2001 by BMG International and features a bonus song that was cut from the Fireworks album called "Take Me by the Hand". The album is a double CD that features the band's most recognized songs; some were remixed and others edited for radio airplay and all have been digitally remastered.

<i>The Early Days of Bonfire</i> 2004 box set by Bonfire

The Early Days is the fourth compilation by German hard rock band Bonfire. It was released in 2004 by LZ Records and is a five-part CD set that was initially sold individually and then released as a box set. The set is a re-release of all the Cacumen material including the "Riding Away" single, the albums Cacumen and Bad Widow, and the Longing for You EP; the EZ Livin' album, After the Fire; and the Lessmann/Ziller album, Glaub dran. All tracks have been digitally remastered and feature previously unreleased songs.

<i>The Räuber</i> 2008 studio album by Bonfire

The Räuber is the eleventh album by the German hard rock band Bonfire. It was released in 2008 by LZ Records. The band collaborated with P.W. Politz to create a rock opera called The Räuber that debuted in Ingolstadt, Germany, in March 2008. The opera itself featured the band performing all the songs and went sold out for several weeks. A DVD was released in August 2008 that contained the opera performance as well as a full-length concert by the band. The album features music in both English and German.

Joerg Deisinger is a German photographer, musician and the former bassist and a founding member of the German 1980s heavy metal band Bonfire.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Riding Away</span> 1979 single by Cacumen

"Riding Away" is the first single released by the German hard rock band Cacumen which would evolve into Bonfire. This is also the band's first release. In 2002/2003, Claus Lessmann and Hans Ziller purchased the rights to the Cacumen material and re-released the collection under the Bonfire name individually as well as a box set called The Early Days. This single was featured on Part 1 of the collection, added to the Cacumen self-titled album.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sword and Stone</span> 1989 single by Bonfire

"Sword and Stone" is a single released by the German hard rock band Bonfire. It was recorded during the session recordings for their third studio album, Point Blank. This song appeared in the Wes Craven movie, Shocker. Included on the single are songs by Saraya and Voodoo X. "Sword and Stone" was written by Paul Stanley and Bruce Kulick of KISS together with producer Desmond Child and was originally a demo for the KISS album Crazy Nights.

<i>You Make Me Feel</i> (Bonfire album) 2009 greatest hits album by Bonfire

You Make Me Feel: The Ballads is the fifth compilation by the German hard rock band Bonfire. It is a greatest hits collection that was released by LZ Records in 2009, featuring a double CD set of all the best ballad songs by the band. The album also features a new version of "You Make Me Feel" as well as "Domo Arigato" that was on the Japanese version of The Räuber. Although at the time of this release Dominik Huelshorst was the band's drummer, it is the previous drummer, Jurgen Wiehler, that plays on the two songs previously mentioned.

<i>Charade</i> (Charade album) 1998 studio album by Charade

Charade is the first album by a new group from former members of the band Bonfire. It was released in 1998 by Bareknuckle. The album was originally recorded in 1993 by the group when they were known as Bonfire. When Claus Lessmann left the band, Michael Bormann joined and recorded this album. It was shelved by the band's record company and the group went their separate ways. After Claus Lessmann and Hans Ziller purchased the rights to the name of Bonfire and music from 1986 to 1991, Michael Bormann and Angel Schleifer decided to give the previously shelved album a chance. It was picked up by a Japanese record company and under a new name it was released. Jörg Deisinger and Edgar Patrik provide the bass and drums to the album but declined to be included in the line-up. In 2004 it was re-released with Charade's second album. In addition to the music, there is a file encoded on the disc that brings up Avex Incorporated's web site.

<i>Glorious</i> (Bonfire album) 2015 studio album by Bonfire

Glorious is the thirteenth album by the German heavy metal band Bonfire. It was released in 2015 by Borlia Records. This is the first album by what is deemed to be the third incarnation of the band, after the group had broken up earlier in the year and was resurrected by Hans Ziller by renaming his temporary music project, EZ Livin', to Bonfire. The album features a Beatles cover song as well as two remade songs from Bonfire’s most successful album, Fireworks.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Colin Larkin, ed. (1995). The Guinness Who's Who of Heavy Metal (Second ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 62. ISBN   0-85112-656-1.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Deisinger, J. & Begai, C. (2008), Fire And Fame Archived 20 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine , BOD Publishing GmbH, ISBN   978-3-8370-4594-9
  3. "BONFIRE Announce New Album/Line-Up/Label/Management and 2015 Tour". MelodicRock.com. 12 January 2015. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  4. Kai, Thomas (5 May 2020). "Alexx Stahl (Bonfire) - ,,With our new slightly heavier style we are more successful than the band was in the last decades..." Metalmania-Magazín (in Slovak). Retrieved 21 November 2021.
  5. Diggins, Mark (14 November 2018). "ALBUM REVIEW: Bonfire – Legends". The Rock Pit. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  6. "BONFIRE To Release Fistful Of Fire Album In April". Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.