Bridle Path (New Zealand)

Last updated

Looking down to Lyttelton Harbour from the top of Bridle Path Bridle Path 049.JPG
Looking down to Lyttelton Harbour from the top of Bridle Path
The Canterbury Pioneer Women's Memorial at the top of Bridle Path, with the Jane Deans memorial seat in the foreground Bridle Path 041.JPG
The Canterbury Pioneer Women's Memorial at the top of Bridle Path, with the Jane Deans memorial seat in the foreground

The Bridle Path is a steep shared-use track that traverses the northern rim of the Lyttelton volcano connecting the port of Lyttelton with the city of Christchurch in the South Island of New Zealand. It is a popular walking and mountain biking route. The track ascends from the port itself to a height of 333 metres (1,093 ft) before descending again via Heathcote Valley to Christchurch. At the summit, next to the Summit Road, is a stone shelter with covered seats that is a 1940 New Zealand centennial memorial to the Pioneer Women of Canterbury. There are also seven commemorative stone seats placed along the Bridle Path; most of these were built for the 1950 Canterbury centenary celebrations.

Contents

Hastily constructed in late 1850, just in time for the first Canterbury Association settlers to use, it was the most direct way to travel from the port to the new settlements on the plains on the northern side of the Port Hills. Although very steep, it was the primary means of traversing the hills until the Sumner Road over Evans Pass was opened to light traffic in 1858. Originally, the road over Evans Pass was intended to be completed by the time the first settlers arrived but the Canterbury Association ran out of money. John Robert Godley had the road work stopped, and only had enough time to cut a rough Bridle Road once obtained further funding. [1] [2] It is referred to as a bridle path because the track was so steep and narrow in places that riders needed to dismount and lead their horses by the bridle. [3] The path was considered unsuitable for a fully loaded cart or dray.

The track is a legal road, so may be used by motor vehicles, such as trail bikes, though this is regarded as a nuisance.[ not verified in body ] There have been attempts to change the legal status from road to park since the 1970s. [1]

Route

Originally called Bridle Road, the Bridle Path is a legal road between Lyttelton and Ferrymead. [4] [5] It was originally constructed as a way for the first Canterbury Association settlers to traverse the Port Hills that surround Lyttelton and take horses, cattle and sheep from the port to the land they would settle on the Canterbury Plains. [4] [1] The path was too steep to ride horses all the way, so riders had to dismount and lead their horses by the bridle over the steepest parts, hence the name. [4] The lower sections of the historic pathway have become sealed roads bearing the name Bridle Path Road in both Lyttelton and the Heathcote Valley. The steeper part between the ends of the road remains a walking track to this day. [6]

In January 1851, the Lyttelton Times observed:

"This means of communication between the port and the plain issues from the town of Lyttelton just to the west of the Custom-House Reserve, Norwich Quay, having been made perfectly passable for carts or drays up to its commencement. .... The ascent is steep; for a height of 1,100 feet is attained within 88 chains, or 1 mile and 176 yards; but, nevertheless, horses, bullocks, and mules will be able to carry a heavy pack to the top." [7]

Today, the Bridle Path walkway commences at the end of Bridle Path Road which runs up the hill from near the Lyttelton portal of the Road Tunnel. [6] [8] The path ascends to the top of the ridge and traverses the crater rim and the Summit Road before descending to near the Heathcote portal of the Road Tunnel in the Gondala carpark. [6] [8] The track is a 2.4 km long walk that ascends to the 333 metres (1,093 ft) high summit takes about an hour to walk in one direction. [8] [ better source needed ] The number 28 Lyttelton/Rapaki bus can be used to connect between the ends of the walk. [6] [8]

At the summit, where the Bridle Path meets the Summit Road, is the Canterbury Pioneer Women's Memorial as well as a visitors car park. Both the Crater Rim Walkway and Stan Helms Track meet the Bridle Path at the car park. [9] [10] [11] All these tracks can be wet and slippery in winter and the city council advises walkers to proceed with caution. While dog-walking is allowed, dogs need to be kept on a lead.

History

Charlotte Godley, in a letter written between 10 February and 3 May 1850, reported there was a pathway over the hills to the Dean's farm that her husband and Captain Thomas rode over when they first visited Lyttelton, on 12 May 1850. [12] She wanted to see the plains too and persuaded another passenger who had already been to the top to show her the way. [12] [13] She reported they found a "very good, though steep, path to the top" and a "very fine" view of both the harbour and the plains. [12] At that time, the road to Sumner was still being constructed but had reached a point where heavy blasting was required to get past some precipitous bluffs. [14] Although a footpath had been formed along the route for the road-builders to use, that was so steep in places that ropes needed to be used to get past the bluffs. [14] Shortly afterwards, John Godley ordered further spending on the road to cease and the workforce was retrenched. [2]

A Bridle Road was surveyed in November 1850 by Edward Jollie at the direction of the Chief Surveyor, Captain Thomas, after John Godley, Agent for the Canterbury Association, managed to obtain funds to continue surveying and road building. [14] [15] [16] [5] A contract road gang operated by a Mr. Hughes and supervised by works overseer Donald Gollan formed the path, which was intended to be 8 feet (2.4 m) wide when complete. [7] [16] On the Heathcote Valley side, the path descended to the valley floor and then ran around to Ferrymead, at which point a ferry crossed the Heathcote River mouth at the head of the Estuary, where it met with the then still incomplete "Sumner Road". [7] The estimated cost of constructing the road was about NZ£300 as of January 1851. [7]

When Charlotte Godley travelled over this Bridle Road in early December 1850 the path was mostly formed, except for a small portion near the summit where they had to dismount and climb to the top over rough stones and rocks. [17] [14]

Heavy goods were usually shipped from Lyttelton to a dock at Ferrymead, but this was a hazardous journey as the sailing ships of the time needed to make an open sea journey between Lyttelton and Sumner Bay and then cross the Sumner Bar under favourable wind, sea and tide conditions. However, a fleet of small ships were prepared to undertake the journey despite the risks involved. Sometimes vessels would remain in port for days awaiting the right conditions rather than risk this journey. Even so, many a colonist lost all their worldly possessions when a boat capsized or was wrecked. Shipping fees were exorbitant, sometimes costing as much to ship goods across the Sumner Bar to Ferrymead as it did to ship them from England. Before the end of 1851, enterprising businessmen had formed an insurance company and were offering to insure goods just for this journey.

At the beginning of 1851 the Bridle Road also connected to a westward leading footpath that ran along the crater rim and then descended a ridge to footpaths that led to Riccarton as well as Christchurch. [18] [5] That path was just passable by cattle or horses at walking pace though considered easy for pedestrians or sheep to negotiate. [18] [5] Little was done to develop this westerly walking path until the early 20th century when the Summit Road was built.

By 8 November 1851, a refreshment stall had been set up at the summit. [19] [20] The fate of this enterprise is not recorded.

Between 1851 and 1854 nothing much was done to provide a better means of communication between the port and the plains. Both a "Select Committee" of the "Society of Land-Purchasers" and a Commission appointed by the Canterbury Provincial Council recommended completing the road to Sumner. Both examined various options, including road and railway tunnels, and the Commission devised a new, and easier road line, which involved a short tunnel under Evans Pass but avoided the difficult ground that involving blasting hard volcanic rock. The Council even passed enabling legislation in July 1855 to facilitate acquiring land for road construction. By 24 August 1857 road construction was sufficiently advanced that Superintendent Fitzgerald was able to navigate his "dog cart" all the way from Christchurch to Lyttelton to "open" the road, although it took until January 1858 for the road to be open to light traffic.

In 1862, New Zealand's first telegraph line between Christchurch and Lyttelton was constructed following this route, opening on 1 July 1862. [1]

The opening of the Christchurch to Lyttelton Railway via the Moorhouse Tunnel in 1869 rendered this means of communicating between Lyttelton and Christchurch largely obsolete.

During the 1930s, the Bridle Path was reformed by the Public Works Department.[ citation needed ] The Summit Road was also opened in 1938, providing easier access.[ citation needed ]

The Bridle Path became a Historic Area on 6 April 2001. [1]

The path remains a popular walking track today.

Memorials

Pioneer women in Canterbury

At a meeting that re-established the Women's Branch of The Citizens' Association held on 29 November 1938, Miss Mildred Trent suggested that, as a centennial gift, a memorial to the pioneer women in Canterbury be erected at the intersection of the Bridle Path and the, then, recently opened Summit Road. [21] [22] The memorial was envisaged to take the form of sheltered seats and would be Canterbury women's contribution to New Zealand's centenary celebrations. [22] The proposal met with unanimous approval. [21]

The Canterbury Pioneer Women's Memorial is placed at the top of the Bridle Path next to the Summit Road. The foundation stone for the memorial was laid by Lilian Priscilla Wakefield, the granddaughter of Edward Gibbon Wakefield, on 16 December 1939. [23] The shelter was designed by Heathcote Helmore. [24] The memorial was unveiled on Saturday, 14 December 1940, with hundreds in attendance. [25]

Commemorative stone seats

There are a total of seven commemorative stone seats placed along the Bridle Path; most of these were built for the Canterbury centenary celebrations in 1950. [1]

Wayside Memorial Cross

A Wayside Memorial Cross was erected in 1856, at the request of Charlotte Godley, to mark the site of a small spring where she rested and drank the water. [8] [1] The first cross was made of white stone cross and erected near a water-tank on the path, but by July 1857 it had fallen over and was in pieces. [26] The cross, having been vandalised numerous times, was replaced in 1864 and again in 1898. [27] [28] [29] It was eventually destroyed in the 2011 earthquakes. [8] [ better source needed ]

Re-enactments

In December 1950, to mark the Canterbury centennial there was a re-enactment of the arrival of the First Four Ships where some of the descendants of the Canterbury Pilgrims dressed in period costume and walked over the Bridle Path. [30]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Banks Peninsula</span> Peninsula south of Christchurch, New Zealand

Banks Peninsula is a peninsula of volcanic origin on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand. It has an area of approximately 1,200 square kilometres (450 sq mi) and encompasses two large harbours and many smaller bays and coves. The South Island's largest city, Christchurch, is immediately north of the peninsula.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sumner, New Zealand</span> Suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand

Sumner is a coastal seaside suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand and was surveyed and named in 1849 in honour of John Bird Sumner, the then newly appointed Archbishop of Canterbury and president of the Canterbury Association. Originally a separate borough, it was amalgamated with the city of Christchurch as communications improved and the economies of scale made small town boroughs uneconomic to operate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Port Hills</span> Range of hills of Canterbury, New Zealand

The Port Hills are a range of hills in Canterbury Region of New Zealand, so named because they lie between the city of Christchurch and its port at Lyttelton. They are an eroded remnant of the Lyttelton volcano, which erupted millions of years ago.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ferrymead</span> Suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand

Ferrymead is a suburb south-east of Christchurch, New Zealand. It is the main thoroughfare for reaching the eastern sea suburbs such as Sumner, as well as home to a number of cliff-top residences and businesses along the estuary front. After the 2011 Canterbury earthquake, a number of prominent Christchurch businesses relocated to the Ferrymead area, making it into a secondary business hub.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ferrymead Railway</span> Heritage railway in New Zealand

The Ferrymead Railway is a New Zealand heritage railway built upon the track formation of New Zealand's first public railway, from Ferrymead to Christchurch, which opened on 1 December 1863. On the opening of the line to Lyttelton on 9 December 1867, the Ferrymead Railway became the Ferrymead Branch and was closed shortly thereafter. In 1964, rail enthusiasts began relaying track on the historic formation and the new 3 ft 6 in narrow gauge. Ferrymead Railway officially reopened in 1977. It now operates steam, diesel and electric trains regularly and is recognised as one of the most significant rail preservation sites in New Zealand.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canterbury Association</span> English colonial venture in New Zealand (1848–55)

The Canterbury Association was formed in 1848 in England by members of parliament, peers, and Anglican church leaders, to establish a colony in New Zealand. The settlement was to be called Canterbury, with its capital to be known as Christchurch. Organised emigration started in 1850 and the colony was established on the South Island. The First Four Ships brought out settlers steeped in the region's history. The Association was not a financial success for the founding members and the organisation was wound up in 1855.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mount Cavendish</span> Mountain in New Zealand

Mount Cavendish is located in the Port Hills, with views over Christchurch, New Zealand and Lyttelton. It is part of the crater wall of the extinct volcano that formed Lyttelton Harbour. The Mount Cavendish Reserve displays some of the best examples of lava flow to be seen on the Port Hills.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lyttelton Harbour</span> Inlet on Banks Peninsula, New Zealand

Lyttelton Harbour / Whakaraupō is a major inlet on the northwest side of Banks Peninsula, on the coast of Canterbury, New Zealand; the other major inlet is Akaroa Harbour, which enters from the southern side of the peninsula. Whakaraupō enters from the northern coast of the peninsula, heading in a predominantly westerly direction for approximately 15 km (9.3 mi) from its mouth to the aptly-named Head of the Bay near Teddington. The harbour sits in an eroded caldera of the ancient Banks Peninsula Volcano, the steep sides of which form the Port Hills on its northern shore.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">First Four Ships</span> Ships chartered by the Canterbury Association to transport English colonists to New Zealand (1850)

The First Four Ships refers to the four sailing vessels chartered by the Canterbury Association which left Plymouth, England, in September 1850 to transport the first English settlers to new homes in Canterbury, New Zealand. The colonists or settlers who arrived on the first four ships are known as the Canterbury Pilgrims.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lyttelton road tunnel</span> Road tunnel in Christchurch, New Zealand

The Lyttelton road tunnel runs through the Port Hills to connect the New Zealand city of Christchurch and its seaport, Lyttelton. It opened in on 27 February 1964 and carries just over 10,000 vehicles per day as part of State Highway 74.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lyttelton Rail Tunnel</span> Railway tunnel in Christchurch, New Zealand

The Lyttelton Rail Tunnel, initially called the Moorhouse Tunnel, links the city of Christchurch with the port of Lyttelton in the Canterbury region of New Zealand's South Island. It is the country's oldest operational rail tunnel, and is on the Lyttelton Line, one of the first railways built by Canterbury Provincial Railways.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Isaac Cookson (politician)</span> New Zealand politician (1817–1870)

Isaac Thomas Cookson was a 19th-century Member of Parliament in Canterbury, New Zealand. He was a prominent merchant in early Canterbury.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charlotte Godley</span> New Zealand letter-writer, community leader

Charlotte Godley was a New Zealand letter-writer and community leader.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joseph Thomas (surveyor)</span> New Zealand surveyor

Captain Joseph Thomas (1803–?) was a British explorer and the chief surveyor for Lyttelton, Sumner and Christchurch in New Zealand. He took up surveying after service in the British army, gaining the rank of lieutenant. In the 1840s, he explored many parts of New Zealand and worked for the New Zealand Company. This gained him employment with the Canterbury Association, which sent him to New Zealand in 1848. Thomas' role was to find a suitable site for their proposed settlement, and what became the Canterbury region with Christchurch as its capital was the result of his efforts. He was dismissed in early 1851 over quarrels with John Robert Godley, the agent of the Canterbury Association, just after the first settlers had arrived in the colony. Thomas' life after 1853 is unknown. Having allowed for Hagley Park as a generous central city green space is regarded as his major achievement, and it is his lasting legacy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tauhinukorokio / Mount Pleasant</span> Mountain in New Zealand

Tauhinukorokio / Mount Pleasant, also known just as either Mount Pleasant or Tauhinukorokio individually, is the highest elevation in the eastern Port Hills in Christchurch, New Zealand. It once held a Māori pā, but there was little left of it when European settlers first arrived in the 1840s. The hill was first used as a sheep run, and became the base trig station for the survey of Canterbury. It was also used as a signal station to make residents aware of ships coming into Lyttelton Harbour / Whakaraupō. During World War II, an extensive heavy anti-aircraft artillery (HAA) battery was built near the summit, and the foundations of those buildings still exist.

Captain Charles Simeon was one of the members of the Canterbury Association who emigrated to Canterbury in New Zealand in 1851. The family spent four years in the colony and during this time, he held various important posts and positions. He returned to England in 1855. He was devoted to the Anglican church and three of his sons became priests, while two of his daughters married priests.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Godley Head</span> Headland in New Zealand

Awaroa / Godley Head, called Cachalot Head by early French explorers, is a prominent headland in Christchurch, New Zealand, located at the entrance to Lyttelton Harbour / Whakaraupō. The headland is named for John Robert Godley.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mary Townsend (artist)</span> English-New Zealand settler and artist

Mary Townsend was an artist and an early English settler in Canterbury, New Zealand.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canterbury Pioneer Women's Memorial</span> New Zealand memorial

The Canterbury Pioneer Women's Memorial commemorates the pioneer women of Canterbury in New Zealand. After arrival by sea in Lyttelton Harbour, early settlers had to cross the Port Hills via the Bridle Path to reach Christchurch or the Canterbury Plains. The memorial was unveiled at the summit of the Bridle Path in 1940, 90 years after the First Four Ships had arrived in Lyttelton. The impetus for having a memorial was for Christchurch to have a contribution for the New Zealand centennial commemorating the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. Hence, the Canterbury Pioneer Women's Memorial commemorates two events that happened ten years apart.

Christchurch is a major city in the Canterbury Region, and is the largest city in the South Island of New Zealand. Established as a colonial outpost of the British Empire in 1850, it is today the second largest city in New Zealand, after Auckland.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Bridle Path Historic Area". New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero. Heritage New Zealand . Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  2. 1 2 Hensley, Gerald. "Godley, John Robert". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  3. ↑ "The Bridle Path". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 5 February 2010.
  4. 1 2 3 "Bridle Path walks and tracks". ccc.govt.nz. Christchurch City Council. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Map of surveyed districts, Canterbury. Sheet 6 of 7". christchurchcitylibraries.com. Christchurch City Libraries. 1852. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Bridle Path". Christchurch City Council. Christchurch City Council. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "WALKS ON THE ROADS. No. I.—THE BRIDLE-PATH TO THE FERRY ACROSS THE HEATHCOTE". Lyttelton Times. Vol. I, no. 2. 18 January 1851. p. 6. Retrieved 4 January 2021. This means of communication between the port and the plain issues from the town of Lyttelton just to the west of the Custom-House Reserve, Norwich Quay, having been made perfectly passable for carts or drays up to its commencement. ...
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Bridle Path". New Zealand Tramper. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  9. ↑ "Crater Rim – Evans Pass to Bridle Path". ccc.govt.nz. Christchurch City Council. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  10. ↑ "Crater Rim – Bridle Path to Rapaki Track". ccc.govt.nz. Christchurch City Council. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  11. ↑ "Stan Helms Track". ccc.govt.nz. Christchurch City Council. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  12. 1 2 3 Godley, Charlotte (1951). Godley, John R. (ed.). Letters from Early New Zealand, 1851–1853. Christchurch: Whitcombe & Tombs Limited. pp. 25–26. Retrieved 25 January 2021. ... my husband and Captain Thomas did ride to see the plains by a pathway over the hills; ... I was quite determined to see the plains if possible, ... so I persuaded one of our passengers, who had been up once on his own account, that he would like to go up again on mine, and we found a very good, though steep, path to the top. The view was really very fine, on one side the harbour, as smooth as a lake and quite encircled with high hills, and down below, on the other, the vast plains, as level as the water, and nearly as innocent of anything like cultivation or habitation, ...
  13. ↑ Johnstone, A. H. (3 June 1939). "EARLY CANTERBURY: V: Mrs Godley's Letters". The Press. Vol. LXXV, no. 22727. p. 18. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Godley, Charlotte (1951). Godley, John R. (ed.). Letters from Early New Zealand, 1851–1853. Christchurch: Whitcombe & Tombs Limited. pp. 139–140. Retrieved 25 January 2021. When we went up there was still a bit at the top where no one can ride; man and horse must climb over rough stones and rocks, and on the other side the descent is steep enough to make most people prefer walking, too, until the path is completed.
  15. ↑ Jollie, Edward (1958) [Written 12 August 1872 to 1880]. "6. Christchurch: 1849–1851". Edward Jollie – Reminisces 1841–1865. Wellington: Alexander Turnbull Library. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  16. 1 2 Lawn, Charles Arnold (14 October 1977). "Part I, Chapter 8 The Canterbury Settlement.". The Pioneer Land Surveyors of New Zealand (Electronic 24 February 2005 ed.). Auckland: New Zealand Institute of Surveyors. p. 75. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  17. ↑ Straubel, C. R. (10 December 1938). "Before the Pilgrims: A Woman's View of Canterbury In 1850". Press. Vol. LXXIV, no. 22581. p. 21. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  18. 1 2 "WALKS ON THE ROADS. No. II.—TRACKS PROM THE BRIDLE-PATH TO RICCARTON AND CHRISTCHURCH". Lyttelton Times. Vol. 1, no. 3. Lyttelton, New Zealand. 25 January 1851. p. 6. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  19. ↑ "REFRESHMENTS". Lyttelton Times. Vol. I, no. 44. 8 November 1851. p. 1. Retrieved 6 January 2021. Henry Williams having commenced a stall for the sale of Ginger Beer and other Refreshments at the top of the Bridle Path, begs to solicit the patronage of the public of Lyttelton and Christchurch, and to assure them that he will endeavour to keep on hand the best articles, and with the greatest possible variety.
  20. ↑ "Untitled (Page 5 Column 3)". Lyttelton Times. Vol. I, no. 44. Lyttelton, New Zealand. 8 November 1851. p. 5. Retrieved 6 January 2021. We may notice, as being a boon to the traveller, the establishment in the past week of a stall for the sale of ginger beer, and other refreshments, at the top of the bridle path!
  21. 1 2 "THE CITIZENS' ASSOCIATION WOMEN'S BRANCH RE-ESTABLISHED". The Press. Vol. LXXIV, no. 22572. 30 November 1938. p. 2. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  22. 1 2 "CENTENARY GIFT". The Press. Vol. LXXIV, no. 22572. 30 November 1938. p. 2. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  23. ↑ "Memorial to Pioneer Women". The Press . Vol. LXXV, no. 22896. 18 December 1939. p. 14. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  24. ↑ "A drawing by Mr Heathcote Helmore". The Press . Vol. LXXV, no. 22667. 23 March 1939. p. 2. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  25. ↑ "Pioneer Women's Memorial Opening Ceremony". The Press . Vol. LXXVI, no. 23204. 16 December 1940. p. 2. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  26. ↑ "Local Intelligence". Lyttelton Times. Vol. VIII, no. 489. 11 July 1857. p. 5. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  27. ↑ "AN EPIDEMIC OF VANDALISM". The Press. Vol. LXIII, no. 12846. 3 July 1907. p. 6. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  28. ↑ Curnow, Tremayne (16 December 1924). "A NEGLECTED MEMORIAL". The Press. Vol. LX, no. 18257. p. 13. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  29. ↑ "WAYSIDE CROSS". The Press. Vol. LXIV, no. 19211. 18 January 1928. p. 8. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  30. ↑ "Over the Bridle Path". discoverywall.nz. Christchurch City Libraries. 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2021.

43°35′36″S172°42′29″E / 43.593344°S 172.707940°E / -43.593344; 172.707940

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.