Bruce Perens

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Bruce Perens
3541705843 f896546bec o crop.jpg
Bruce Perens in 2009
Born1957or1958(age 66–67) [1]
Occupation Computer programmer
Known for Open Source Initiative, BusyBox
SpouseValerie [2] [3]
ChildrenStanley (son) [2] [3]
Call signK6BP
Website perens.com OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Perens at the World Summit on the Information Society 2005 in Tunis speaking on "Is Free/Open Source Software the Answer?"

Bruce Perens (born around 1958 [1] ) is an American computer programmer and advocate in the free software movement. He created The Open Source Definition and published the first formal announcement and manifesto of open source. [4] [5] He co-founded the Open Source Initiative (OSI) with Eric S. Raymond. [6]

Contents

In 2005, Perens represented Open Source at the United Nations World Summit on the Information Society, at the invitation of the United Nations Development Programme. He has appeared before national legislatures and is often quoted in the press, advocating for open source and the reform of national and international technology policy.

Perens is also an amateur radio operator, with call sign K6BP. [7] He promotes open radio communications standards [8] and open-source hardware. [9]

In 2016 Perens, along with Boalt Hall (Berkeley Law) professor Lothar Determann, co-authored "Open Cars" [10] which appeared in the Berkeley Technology Law Journal.

In 2018 Perens founded the Open Research Institute (ORI), a non-profit research and development organization to address technologies involving Open Source, Open Hardware, Open Standards, Open Content, and Open Access to Research. In April 2022 he divorced himself from the organization and reported he was starting a new charity, HamOpen.org, to redirect his focus, and align with the ARRL organization for their liability insurance benefit. HamOpen has been most visible supporting the convention exhibitions of projects Perens supports, including M17 and FreeDV. [11] [12]

Companies

Perens operates two companies: Algoram is a start-up which is creating a web-based control system for radio transmitters and other devices. Legal Engineering is a legal-technical consultancy which specializes in resolving copyright infringement in relation to open source software.

Early life

Perens grew up in Long Island, New York. He was born with cerebral palsy, which caused him to have slurred speech as a child, a condition that led to a misdiagnosis of him as developmentally disabled in school and led the school to fail to teach him to read. [2] He developed an interest in technology at an early age: besides his interest in amateur radio, he ran a pirate radio station in the town of Lido Beach and briefly engaged in phone phreaking. [1]

Career

Computer graphics

Perens worked for seven years at the New York Institute of Technology Computer Graphics Lab. After that, he worked at Pixar for 12 years, from 1987 to 1999. He is credited as a studio tools engineer on the Pixar films A Bug's Life (1998) and Toy Story 2 (1999). [13]

No-Code International

Perens founded No-Code International in 1998 with the goal of ending the Morse Code test then required for an amateur radio license. His rationale was that amateur radio should be a tool for young people to learn advanced technology and networking, rather than something that preserved antiquity and required new hams to master outmoded technology before they were allowed on the air. [14]

Perens lobbied intensively on the Internet, at amateur radio events in the United States, and during visits to other nations. [15] One of his visits was to Iceland, where he had half of that nation's radio amateurs in the room, and their vote in the International Amateur Radio Union was equivalent to that of the entire United States.[ citation needed ]

Debian Social Contract

In 1997, [16] Perens was carbon-copied on an email conversation between Donnie Barnes of Red Hat and Ean Schuessler, who was then working on Debian. Schuessler bemoaned that Red Hat had never stated its social contract with the developer community. Perens took this as inspiration to create a formal social contract for Debian. In a blog posting, Perens claims not to have made use of the Three Freedoms (later the Four Freedoms) published by the Free Software Foundation in composing his document. Perens proposed a draft of the Debian Social Contract to the Debian developers on the debian-private mailing list early in June 1997. Debian developers contributed discussion and changes for the rest of the month while Perens edited, and the completed document was then announced as Debian project policy. Part of the Debian Social Contract was the Debian Free Software Guidelines, a set of 10 guidelines for determining whether a set of software can be described as "free software", and thus whether it could be included in Debian.

Open Source Definition and The Open Source Initiative

On February 3, 1998, a group of people (not including Perens) met at VA Linux Systems to discuss the promotion of Free Software to business in pragmatic terms, rather than the moral terms preferred by Richard Stallman. Christine Petersen of the nanotechnology organization Foresight Institute, who was present because Foresight took an early interest in Free Software, suggested the term "Open Source". The next day, Eric S. Raymond recruited Perens to work with him on the formation of Open Source. Perens modified the Debian Free Software Guidelines into the Open Source Definition by removing Debian references and replacing them with "Open Source".

The original announcement of The Open Source Definition was made on February 9, 1998, on Slashdot [17] and elsewhere; the definition was given in Linux Gazette on February 10, 1998. [4]

Concurrently, Perens and Raymond established the Open Source Initiative, an organization intended to promote open source software.

Perens left OSI in 1999, a year after co-founding it. In February 1999 in an email to the Debian developers mailing list he explained his decision and stated that, though "most hackers know that Free Software and Open Source are just two words for the same thing", the success of "open source" as a marketing term had "de-emphasized the importance of the freedoms involved in Free Software"; he added, "It's time for us to fix that." He stated his regret that OSI co-founder Eric Raymond "seems to be losing his free software focus." [18] But in the following 2000s he spoke about Open source again. [3] [19] Perens presently volunteers as the Open Source Initiative's representative to the European Technical Standards Institute ("ETSI"), and is a frequent participant in review of license texts submitted to OSI for certification as Open Source licenses.

Linux Capital Group

In 1999, Perens left Pixar and became the president of Linux Capital Group, a business incubator and venture capital firm focusing on Linux-based businesses. Their major investment was in Progeny Linux Systems, a company headed by Debian founder Ian Murdock. In 2000, as a result of the economic downturn, Perens shut down Linux Capital Group. [20] (Progeny Linux Systems would end operations in 2007.)

Hewlett-Packard

From December 2000 to September 2002, Perens served as "Senior Global Strategist for Linux and Open Source" at Hewlett-Packard, internally evangelizing for the use of Linux and other open-source software. He was fired as a result of his anti-Microsoft statements, which especially became an issue after HP acquired Compaq, a major manufacturer of Microsoft Windows-based PCs, in 2002. [1]

UserLinux

In 2003 Perens created UserLinux, a Debian-based distribution whose stated goal was, "Provide businesses with freely available, high quality Linux operating systems accompanied by certifications, service, and support options designed to encourage productivity and security while reducing overall costs." UserLinux was eventually overtaken in popularity by Ubuntu, another Debian-based distribution, which was started in 2004, and UserLinux became unmaintained in 2006. [21]

SourceLabs

Perens was an employee of SourceLabs, a Seattle-based open source software and services company, from June 2005 until December 2007. [22] He produced a video commercial, Impending Security Breach, for SourceLabs in 2007. (SourceLabs was acquired by EMC in 2009.)

University faculty

Between 1981 and 1986, Perens was on the staff of the New York Institute of Technology Computer Graphics Lab as a Unix kernel programmer.

In 2002, Perens was a remote Senior Scientist for Open Source with the Cyber Security Policy Laboratory of George Washington University under the direction of Tony Stanco. Stanco was director of the laboratory for a year, while its regular director was on sabbatical.

Between 2006 and 2007, Perens was a visiting lecturer and researcher for the University of Agder under a three-year grant from the Competence Fund of Southern Norway. During this time he consulted the Norwegian Government and other entities on government policy issues related to computers and software. [23] After this time Perens worked remotely on Agder programs, mainly concerning the European Internet Accessibility Observatory.

Other activities

In 2007, some of Perens's government advisory roles included a meeting with the President of the Chamber of Deputies (the lower house of parliament) in Italy and testimony to the Culture Committee of the Chamber of Deputies; [24] a keynote speech at the foundation of Norway's Open Source Center, following Norway's Minister of Governmental Reform (Perens is on the advisory board of the center); [25] he provided input on the revision of the European Interoperability Framework; [26] and he was keynote speaker at a European Commission conference on Digital Business Ecosystems at the Centre Borschette, Brussels, on November 7.

In 2009, Perens acted as an expert witness on open source in the Jacobsen v. Katzer U.S. Federal lawsuit. His report, which was made publicly available by Jacobsen, presented the culture and impact of open-source software development to the federal courts. [27]

Perens delivered one of the keynote addresses at the 2012 linux.conf.au conference in Ballarat, Australia. He discussed the need for open source software to market itself better to non-technical users. [28] He also discussed some of the latest developments in open-source hardware, such as Papilio and Bus Pirate. [29]

In 2013, Perens spoke in South America, as the closing keynote at Latinoware 2013. He was the keynote of CISL – Conferencia Internacional de Software Libre, in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and keynoted a special event along with the Minister of software and innovation of Chubut Province, in Puerto Madrin, Patagonia, Argentina. He keynoted the Festival de Software Libre 2013, in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico.

In 2014–2015, Perens took a break from Open Source conferences, having spoken at them often since 1996. In 2016, he returned to the conference circuit, keynoting the Open Source Insight conference in Seoul, sponsored by the Copyright Commission of South Korea. Perens web site presently advertises his availability to keynote conferences as long as travel and lodging expenses are compensated.

In 2020, Perens delivered the talk, "What Comes After Open Source?" for DebConf 2020. He discussed the future of open source licensing and the need to develop alternative licensing structures so that open source developers could get paid for their work. [30]

Views

Perens poses "Open Source" as a means of marketing the free and open-source software idea to business people and mainstream who might be more interested in the practical benefits of an open source development model and ecosystem than abstract ethics. He states that open source and free software are only two ways of talking about the same phenomenon, a point of view not shared by Stallman and his free software movement. [31] [32] Perens postulated in 2004 an economic theory for business use of Open Source in his paper The Emerging Economic Paradigm of Open Source and his speech Innovation Goes Public. [33] This differs from Raymond's theory in The Cathedral and the Bazaar , which having been written before there was much business involvement in open source, explains open source as a consequence of programmer motivation and leisure.

In February 2008, for the 10th anniversary of the phrase "open source", Perens published a message to the community called "State of Open Source Message: A New Decade For Open Source". [19] Around the same time the ezine RegDeveloper published an interview with Perens where he spoke of the successes of open source, but also warned of dangers, including a proliferation of OSI-approved licenses which had not undergone legal scrutiny. He advocated the use of the GPLv3 license, especially noting Linus Torvalds' refusal to switch away from GPLv2 for the Linux kernel. [34]

Bruce Perens supported Bernie Sanders for President [35] and he claims that his experience with the open source movement influenced that decision. On July 13, 2016, following Sanders's endorsement of Hillary Clinton for president, [36] Perens endorsed Clinton.

In January 2013, Perens advocated for abolishment of the Second Amendment to the U.S. constitution, stating that he does "not believe in private ownership of firearms" and that he would "take away guns currently held by individuals, without compensation for their value." [37] He reiterated this view in a June 2014 interview in Slashdot, [38] and in November 2017 on his Twitter account. [39]

Amateur radio and other activities

Perens is an avid amateur radio enthusiast (call sign K6BP [40] ) and maintained technocrat.net, which he closed in late 2008, because its revenues did not cover its costs.

Media appearances

Perens is featured in the 2001 documentary film Revolution OS and the 2006 BBC television documentary The Code-Breakers .

From 2002 to 2006, Prentice Hall PTR published the Bruce Perens' Open Source Series, a set of 24 books covering various open source software tools, for which Perens served as the series editor. It was the first book series to be published under an open license. [3]

Personal life

Perens lives in Berkeley, California with his wife, Valerie, and son, Stanley, born in 2000. [2] [3]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Debian</span> Linux distribution based on free and open-source software

Debian, also known as Debian GNU/Linux, is a free and open source Linux distribution, developed by the Debian Project, which was established by Ian Murdock in August 1993. Debian is the basis for many other distributions, such as Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Tails, Proxmox, Kali Linux, Pardus, TrueNAS SCALE, and Astra Linux.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Free software</span> Software licensed to be freely used, modified and distributed

Free software, libre software, libreware or rarely known as freedom-respecting software is computer software distributed under terms that allow users to run the software for any purpose as well as to study, change, and distribute it and any adapted versions. Free software is a matter of liberty, not price; all users are legally free to do what they want with their copies of a free software regardless of how much is paid to obtain the program. Computer programs are deemed "free" if they give end-users ultimate control over the software and, subsequently, over their devices.

The free software movement is a social movement with the goal of obtaining and guaranteeing certain freedoms for software users, namely the freedoms to run, study, modify, and share copies of software. Software which meets these requirements, The Four Essential Freedoms of Free Software, is termed free software.

The Free Software Definition written by Richard Stallman and published by the Free Software Foundation (FSF), defines free software as being software that ensures that the users have freedom in using, studying, sharing and modifying that software. The term "free" is used in the sense of "free speech," not of "free of charge." The earliest-known publication of the definition was in the February 1986 edition of the now-discontinued GNU's Bulletin publication by the FSF. The canonical source for the document is in the philosophy section of the GNU Project website. As of April 2008, it is published in 39 languages. The FSF publishes a list of licences that meet this definition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Open-source license</span> Software license allowing source code to be used, modified, and shared

Open-source licenses are software licenses that allow content to be used, modified, and shared. They facilitate free and open-source software (FOSS) development. Intellectual property (IP) laws restrict the modification and sharing of creative works. Free and open-source licenses use these existing legal structures for an inverse purpose. They grant the recipient the rights to use the software, examine the source code, modify it, and distribute the modifications. These criteria are outlined in the Open Source Definition.

The Open Source Definition (OSD) is a document published by the Open Source Initiative. Derived from Bruce Perens' Debian Free Software Guidelines, the definition is the most common standard for open-source software. The definition has ten criteria, such as requiring freely accessed source code and granting the open-source rights to everyone who receives a copy of the program. Covering both copyleft and permissive licenses, it is effectively identical to the definition of free software, but motivated by more pragmatic and business-friendly considerations. The Open Source Initiative's board votes on proposals of licenses to certify that they are compliant with the definition, and maintains a list of compliant licenses on its website. The definition has been adapted into the Open Knowledge Foundation's Open Definition for open knowledge and into open hardware definitions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Open Source Initiative</span> Non-profit organization promoting open-source software

The Open Source Initiative (OSI) is the steward of the Open Source Definition, the most widely used standard for open-source software.

<i>Revolution OS</i> 2001 documentary film

Revolution OS is a 2001 documentary film that traces the twenty-year history of GNU, Linux, open source, and the free software movement.

The Apple Public Source License (APSL) is the open-source and free software license under which Apple's Darwin operating system was released in 2000. A free and open-source software license was voluntarily adopted to further involve the community from which much of Darwin originated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">FOSDEM</span> Annual event in Brussels centered on free and open source software development

Free and Open source Software Developers' European Meeting (FOSDEM) is a non-commercial, volunteer-organized European event centered on free and open-source software development. It is aimed at developers and anyone interested in the free and open-source software movement. It aims to enable developers to meet and to promote the awareness and use of free and open-source software.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Open-source hardware</span> Hardware from the open-design movement

Open-source hardware consists of physical artifacts of technology designed and offered by the open-design movement. Both free and open-source software (FOSS) and open-source hardware are created by this open-source culture movement and apply a like concept to a variety of components. It is sometimes, thus, referred to as FOSH. The term usually means that information about the hardware is easily discerned so that others can make it – coupling it closely to the maker movement. Hardware design, in addition to the software that drives the hardware, are all released under free/libre terms. The original sharer gains feedback and potentially improvements on the design from the FOSH community. There is now significant evidence that such sharing can drive a high return on investment for the scientific community.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Free and open-source software</span> Software whose source code is available and which is permissively licensed

Free and open-source software (FOSS) is software that is available under a license that grants the right to use, modify, and distribute the software, modified or not, to everyone free of charge. The public availability of the source code is, therefore, a necessary but not sufficient condition. FOSS is an inclusive umbrella term for free software and open-source software. FOSS is in contrast to proprietary software, where the software is under restrictive copyright or licensing and the source code is hidden from the users.

Alternative terms for free software, such as open source, FOSS, and FLOSS, have been a controversial issue among free and open-source software users from the late 1990s onwards. These terms share almost identical licence criteria and development practices.

This comparison only covers software licenses which have a linked Wikipedia article for details and which are approved by at least one of the following expert groups: the Free Software Foundation, the Open Source Initiative, the Debian Project and the Fedora Project. For a list of licenses not specifically intended for software, see List of free-content licences.

<i>LugRadio</i> British podcast about Linux

LugRadio was a British podcast on the topic of Linux and events in the free and open source software communities, as well as coverage of technology, digital rights and politics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Free-software license</span> License allowing software modification and redistribution

A free-software license is a notice that grants the recipient of a piece of software extensive rights to modify and redistribute that software. These actions are usually prohibited by copyright law, but the rights-holder of a piece of software can remove these restrictions by accompanying the software with a software license which grants the recipient these rights. Software using such a license is free software as conferred by the copyright holder. Free-software licenses are applied to software in source code and also binary object-code form, as the copyright law recognizes both forms.

BSD licenses are a family of permissive free software licenses, imposing minimal restrictions on the use and distribution of covered software. This is in contrast to copyleft licenses, which have share-alike requirements. The original BSD license was used for its namesake, the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), a Unix-like operating system. The original version has since been revised, and its descendants are referred to as modified BSD licenses.

Codec 2 is a low-bitrate speech audio codec that is patent free and open source. Codec 2 compresses speech using sinusoidal coding, a method specialized for human speech. Bit rates of 3200 to 450 bit/s have been successfully created. Codec 2 was designed to be used for amateur radio and other high compression voice applications.

The Server Side Public License (SSPL) is a source-available copyleft software license introduced by MongoDB Inc. in 2018.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Lohr, Steve (September 9, 2002). "TECHNOLOGY; Champion of Open-Source Is Out at Hewlett-Packard". The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 30, 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "The man who spoke out once too often". Computing. October 2, 2002.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Barr, Joe (January 13, 2003). "Meet the Perens". LinuxWorld Magazine. Archived from the original on February 12, 2003.
  4. 1 2 "The Open Source Definition". ldp.dvo.ru. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved July 27, 2011.
  5. ↑ "Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution". Oreilly.com. March 29, 1999. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
  6. ↑ "History of the OSI | Open Source Initiative". Opensource.org. September 19, 2006. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
  7. ↑ "Vanity License - K6BP - Perens, Bruce J". FCC Universal Licensing System. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
  8. ↑ Interview with Leo Laporte on 'The Tech Guy' radio show, October 16, 2011
  9. ↑ "TAPR introduces open-source hardware license, OSI skeptical". Ars Technica. February 23, 2007. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
  10. ↑ Determann, Lothar; Perens, Bruce (September 11, 2016). "Open Cars". Berkeley Technology Law Journal. 32 (2, 2017). Social Science Research Network: 50 Pages. SSRN   2837598.
  11. ↑ Bruce Perens [@BrucePerns] (April 2, 2022). "I am sad to say that I am forming yet another 501(c)3 today to facilitate Amateur Radio Open Source Projects. Unlike ORI it will be an ARRL affiliated club, and will cultivate a diversity of donors to avoid the IRS mistake we made with ORI" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  12. ↑ Bruce Perens [@BrucePerns] (May 2, 2022). "HamOpen.org is now a California Public Benefit Non-Profit Corporation. I should be able to get the 1023 form to be a 501(c)3 out to IRS today. It will be an umbrella 501(c)3 for Amateur Radio Open Source projects, to help them get funded" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  13. ↑ "Bruce Perens". IMdB. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
  14. ↑ Lindquist, Rick (August 1999). "Morse debate makes page 1". QST. ARRL: 68.
  15. ↑ "No-Code International Waged 'Battle'". eham.net. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
  16. ↑ Perens, Bruce. "About The Creation of the Open Source Definition". Algoram. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
  17. ↑ "Free Software's New Name". Slashdot. February 9, 1998. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
  18. ↑ Bruce Perens (February 17, 1999). "It's Time to Talk About Free Software Again". Lists.debian.org. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
  19. 1 2 "Bruce Perens – State of Open Source Message: A New Decade For Open Source". Perens.com. February 9, 1998. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
  20. ↑ Groganz, Sandro; Perens, Bruce. "Transcript of Bruce Perens about Marketing Open Source Software". Age of Peers. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013.
  21. ↑ corbet (September 7, 2005). "Whither UserLinux?". lwn.net. Retrieved July 27, 2011.
  22. ↑ Perens, Bruce (December 3, 2007). "On My Own Again". Technocrat. Archived from the original on February 24, 2009. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
  23. ↑ "3/6: Bruce Perens: Innovation Goes Public". Center for Internet and Society at Stanford Law School. Archived from the original on February 1, 2023.
  24. ↑ Perens, Bruce (August 17, 2007). "Visit to Rome". Technocrat. Archived from the original on February 23, 2009. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
  25. ↑ Perens, Bruce (August 17, 2007). "Norway opens Free Software Center". Technocrat. Archived from the original on July 19, 2008. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
  26. ↑ "Bruce Perens – The Confusion of Tongues: EIF 2.0, Standards, and Interoperability". Perens.com. September 13, 2007. Archived from the original on February 4, 2009. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
  27. ↑ "Expert Report of Bruce Perens" (PDF). Northern California District Court. October 20, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 31, 2010. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
  28. ↑ Selena Frye (January 20, 2012). "Don't miss developments from Linux.conf.au 2012". Tech Republic. Archived from the original on May 25, 2012. Retrieved July 30, 2012.
  29. ↑ hoppasaurus (January 25, 2012). "Bruce Perens Mentions Papilio and Bus Pirate in Linux Keynote Speech". Gadget Factory. Archived from the original on April 12, 2013. Retrieved July 30, 2012.
  30. ↑ Perens, Bruce (August 24, 2020). "What Comes After Open Source?". DebConf20. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
  31. ↑ Perens, Bruce (August 17, 2007). "Review: Perens Speaks about Free Software in Copenhagen". Technocrat. Archived from the original on February 23, 2009. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
  32. ↑ Perens, Bruce (August 17, 2007). "Review: Perens Speaks about Free Software in Copenhagen". Technocrat. Archived from the original on February 23, 2009. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
  33. ↑ Perens, Bruce (February 16, 2005). "The Emerging Economics of Open Source Software" (PDF). Perens.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 2, 2014. Retrieved November 24, 2014.
  34. ↑ Clarke, Gavin (February 11, 2008). "Perens: 'Badgeware' threat to open source's next decade". Software. The Register. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
  35. ↑ Perens, Bruce. "I'm Endorsing Bernie Sanders, Because of What I've Learned From Open Source". Archived from the original on March 29, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
  36. ↑ Perens, Bruce. "I'm Endorsing Hillary". Archived from the original on August 9, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
  37. ↑ "Bruce Perens – I'd Take Away All Of The Guns". Perens.com. January 25, 2013. Archived from the original on February 15, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2022.
  38. ↑ "Interviews: Bruce Perens Answers Your Questions". Slashdot. June 11, 2014. Retrieved May 22, 2022.
  39. ↑ "Twitter: @BrucePerens". Twitter. November 6, 2017. Retrieved May 22, 2022.
  40. ↑ "ULS License – Vanity License – K6BP – PERENS, BRUCE J". Wireless2.fcc.gov. September 26, 2006. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
Preceded by Debian Project Leader
April 1996 – December 1997		Succeeded by
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