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Chinese philosophy originates in the Spring and Autumn period and Warring States period,during a period known as the "Hundred Schools of Thought",which was characterized by significant intellectual and cultural developments. Although much of Chinese philosophy begun in the Warring States period,elements of Chinese philosophy have existed for several thousand years. Some can be found in the I Ching,an ancient compendium of divination,which dates back to at least 672 BCE.
In Taoism,related traditions,and other Chinese religions and sects who incorporate it into their worldviews,the Tao or Dao is the natural way of the universe,whose character one's intuition must discern to realize the potential for individual wisdom,as conceived in the context of East Asian philosophy,religion,and related traditions. This seeing of life cannot be grasped as a concept. Rather,it is seen through actual living experience of one's everyday being. Its name derives from a Chinese character with meanings including 'way','path','road',and sometimes 'doctrine' or 'principle'.
Eastern philosophy or Asian philosophy includes the various philosophies that originated in East and South Asia,including Chinese philosophy,Japanese philosophy,Korean philosophy,and Vietnamese philosophy;which are dominant in East Asia,and Indian philosophy,which are dominant in South Asia,Southeast Asia,Tibet,and Mongolia.
Zhu Xi,formerly romanized Chu Hsi,was a Chinese calligrapher,historian,philosopher,poet,and politician during the Song dynasty. Zhu was influential in the development of Neo-Confucianism. He contributed greatly to Chinese philosophy and fundamentally reshaped the Chinese worldview. His works include his editing of and commentaries to the Four Books,his writings on the process of the "investigation of things",and his development of meditation as a method for self-cultivation.
Korean Confucianism is the form of Confucianism that emerged and developed in Korea. One of the most substantial influences in Korean intellectual history was the introduction of Confucian thought as part of the cultural influence from China.
Neo-Confucianism is a moral,ethical,and metaphysical Chinese philosophy influenced by Confucianism,which originated with Han Yu (768–824) and Li Ao (772–841) in the Tang dynasty,and became prominent during the Song and Ming dynasties under the formulations of Zhu Xi (1130–1200). After the Mongol conquest of China in the thirteenth century,Chinese scholars and officials restored and preserved neo-Confucianism as a way to safeguard the cultural heritage of China.
New Confucianism is an intellectual movement of Confucianism that began in the early 20th century in Republican China,and further developed in post-Mao era contemporary China. It primarily developed during the May Fourth Movement. It is deeply influenced by,but not identical with,the neo-Confucianism of the Song and Ming dynasties.
Filial piety is the virtue of exhibiting the proper love and respect for one's parents,elders,and ancestors,particularly within the context of Confucian,Chinese Buddhist,and Daoist ethics. The Confucian Classic of Filial Piety,thought to be written around the late Warring States-Qin-Han period,has historically been the authoritative source on the Confucian tenet of filial piety. The book—a purported dialogue between Confucius and his student Zengzi—is about how to set up a good society using the principle of filial piety. Filial piety is central to Confucian role ethics.
Won Buddhism is a modern Buddhist religion originating in Korea. The name "Won Buddhism" comes from the Korean words 원/圓 won ("circle") and 불
Korean philosophy focuses on a totality of world view. Some aspects of Shamanism,Buddhism,and Neo-Confucianism were integrated into Korean philosophy. Traditional Korean thought has been influenced by a number of religious and philosophical thought-systems over the years. As the main influences on life in Korea,often Korean Shamanism,Korean Taoism,Korean Buddhism,Korean Confucianism and Silhak movements have shaped Korean life and thought. From 20th century,various Western philosophical thoughts have strongly influenced on Korean academia,politics,and daily life.
The Eastern religions are the religions which originated in East,South and Southeast Asia and thus have dissimilarities with Western,African and Iranian religions. This includes the East Asian religions such as Confucianism,Taoism,Chinese folk religion,Shinto,and Korean Shamanism;Indian religions such as Hinduism,Buddhism,Jainism,and Sikhism;and Southeast Asian religions such as Vietnamese folk religion as well as animistic indigenous religions.
Throughout the ages,there have been various popular religious traditions practiced on the Korean peninsula. The oldest indigenous religion of Korea is the Korean folk religion,which has been passed down from prehistory to the present. Buddhism was introduced to Korea from China during the Three Kingdoms era in the fourth century,and the religion pervaded the culture until the Joseon Dynasty when Confucianism was established as the state philosophy. During the Late Joseon Dynasty,in the 19th century,Christianity began to gain a foothold in Korea. While both Christianity and Buddhism would play important roles in the resistance to the Japanese occupation of Korea in the first half of the 20th century,only about 4% of Koreans were members of a religious organization in 1940.
Taoism or "Do" is thought to be the earliest state philosophy for the Korean people. However,its influence waned with the introduction of Buddhism during the Goryeo kingdom as the national religion and the dominance of neo-Confucianism during the Joseon dynasty. Despite its diminished influence during those periods,it permeated all strata of the Korean populace,integrating with its native animism as well as Buddhist and Confucian institutions,temples,and ceremonies. The Taoist practice in Korea developed,somewhat in contrast to China,as an esoteric meditative practice in the mountains taught by the "mountain masters" or "mountain sages".
In the study of comparative religion,the East Asian religions or Taoic religions,form a subset of the Eastern religions. This group includes Chinese religion overall,which further includes Ancestral Worship,Chinese folk religion,Confucianism,Taoism and popular salvationist organisations,as well as elements drawn from Mahayana Buddhism that form the core of Chinese and East Asian Buddhism at large. The group also includes Japanese Shinto,Tenrikyo,and Korean Muism,all of which combine Shamanistic elements and indigenous ancestral worship with various influences from Chinese religions. Chinese salvationist religions have influenced the rise of Japanese new religions such Tenriism and Korean Jeungsanism;as these new religious movements draw upon indigenous traditions but are heavily influenced by Chinese philosophy and theology.
Buddhist influences on print technology in East Asia are far-reaching. The history of writing in Asia dates back to the 13th century BC. China used bones and shells for religious inscriptions in the form of divinations. From these beginnings,numerous forms of writing and printing were developed. In many instances,as in Europe,it was religion that played a major role in the development of writing and printing techniques or which was the reason behind the usage of these techniques. Of the religions in East Asia,it was Buddhism that played the strongest role in influencing writing and,in particular,printing. There were other factors that influenced the creation of manuscript and print culture,but Buddhism had the largest influence in spreading the usage of print technology,which in turn led to an increase in the dissemination of secular printing and literacy as well as wielding an important influence on economics,government,and competing religions/philosophies.
Essence-Function,also called Substance and Function,is a key concept in Chinese philosophy and other Far-Eastern philosophies. Essence is Absolute Reality,the fundamental "cause" or origin,while Function is relative or concrete reality,the concrete manifestation of Essence. Ti and yong do not represent two separate things,such as Absolute Reality and Concrete Reality. They are always two,flexibly-viewed aspects of a single thing.
Yoshida Shintō (吉田神道),also frequently referred to as Yuiitsu Shintō,was a prominent sect of Shintōthat arose during the Sengoku period through the teachings and work of Yoshida Kanetomo. The sect was originally an effort to organize Shintōteachings into a coherent structure in order to assert its authority vis-a-vis Buddhism. However,by the Edo period,Yoshida Shintōcontinued to dominate the Shintōdiscourse,and influenced Neo-Confucian thinkers such as Hayashi Razan and Yamazaki Ansai in formulating a Neo-Confucian Shinto doctrine. Yoshida Shinto's dominance rivaled that of Ise Shintō. Yoshida Shrine was the center of this sect.
Edo Neo-Confucianism,known in Japanese as Shushi-Gaku,refers to the schools of Neo-Confucian philosophy that developed in Japan during the Edo period. Neo-Confucianism reached Japan during the Kamakura period. The philosophy can be characterized as humanistic and rationalistic,with the belief that the universe could be understood through human reason,and that it was up to man to create a harmonious relationship between the universe and the individual. The 17th-century Tokugawa shogunate adopted Neo-Confucianism as the principle of controlling people and Confucian philosophy took hold. Neo-Confucians such as Hayashi Razan and Arai Hakuseki were instrumental in the formulation of Japan's dominant early modern political philosophy.
Filial piety has been an important aspect of Buddhist ethics since early Buddhism,and was essential in the apologetics and texts of Chinese Buddhism. In the Early Buddhist Texts such as the Nikāyas and Āgamas,filial piety is prescribed and practiced in three ways:to repay the gratitude toward one's parents;as a good karma or merit;and as a way to contribute to and sustain the social order. In Buddhist scriptures,narratives are given of the Buddha and his disciples practicing filial piety toward their parents,based on the qualities of gratitude and reciprocity. Initially,scholars of Buddhism like Kenneth Ch'en saw Buddhist teachings on filial piety as a distinct feature of Chinese Buddhism. Later scholarship,led by people such as John Strong and Gregory Schopen,has come to believe that filial piety was part of Buddhist doctrine since early times. Strong and Schopen have provided epigraphical and textual evidence to show that early Buddhist laypeople,monks and nuns often displayed strong devotion to their parents,concluding that filial piety was already an important part of the devotional life of early Buddhists.
Religion in the Song dynasty (960–1279) was primarily composed of three institutional religions:Confucianism,Taoism,and Buddhism,in addition to Chinese folk religion. The Song period saw the rise of Zhengyi Taoism as a state sponsored religion and a Confucian response to Taoism and Buddhism in the form of Neo-Confucianism. While Neo-Confucianism was initially treated as a heterodox teaching and proscribed,it later became the mainstream elite philosophy and the state orthodoxy in 1241.
References
- ↑ Min, Anselm K. (30 September 2016). Korean Religions in Relation: Buddhism, Confucianism, Christianity. SUNY Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-4384-6275-2.
