Bunner Sisters

Last updated

Bunner Sisters is a novella published by Edith Wharton.

Contents

Bunner Sisters is a short story written by American author Edith Wharton. Although she had written the story in 1892, it was r ejected twice by Scribner's because of its length and its ‘being unsuitable to serial publication’”, [1] it wasn't published until 1916 in her book with a collection of other short stories, Xingu and Other Stories. As Nancy Van Rosk writes, “’Bunner Sisters’ has had a long history of being overlooked.

Plot Summary

Edith Wharton’s novella Bunner Sisters was set in 19th century New York, following the lives of sisters Ann Eliza and Evelina Bunner. The sisters led quiet lives, running their small inconspicuous shop outside of Stuyvesant Square, selling sewing materials, millinery supplies, and mending garments for their customers. While the sisters did everything in their power to liven the shop up, it still did not compare to the dreams they once had about the possibilities of what the shop could’ve been. Due to their reliance on the shop to keep them out of debt, this fostered the sense of co-dependence they have with each other. The sisters' lives change forever when Mr. Ramy, a local clockmaker and fellow small shop owner, enters, attempting to create a rift between them.

Mr. Ramy is first mentioned when Ann Eliza buys Evelina an inexpensive clock for her birthday. Both sisters felt drawn to Mr. Ramy, viewing him as well educated but in need of having someone to take care of him. As time passes, the three grow closer, eventually leading to Mr. Ramy having dinner at the sisters shop on a nightly basis. As the sisters feelings grow, Ann Eliza notices Evelina’s feelings towards Mr. Ramy, as the elder sister and out of fear of being too old for marriage, Ann Eliza chooses to take a step back to allow for her sister to find happiness. Shortly after her decision, Mr. Ramy proposes to Ann Eliza, who again declines her feelings to encourage her sisters. Following this decision, Mr. Ramy then offers his hand to Evelina, who accepts is proposal of marriage. As a wedding gift, Ann Eliza offers Evelina and Mr. Ramy her savings for them to start a new life together.

After Evelina follows her husband to New Orleans, Ann Eliza is left alone in the shop, facing hard economic times, and less customers due to having to cover both halves of the sisters work. After not hearing from her sister, Ann Eliza finds herself in need of the care that she’s devoted for Evelina her whole life. Mrs. Hawkings and Ms. Mellins care for Ann Eliza, trying to help run the shop and help her heal.

As her marriage deteriorates, Evelina eventually returns to the shop in need of her sisters care once again. With her sister back, Ann Eliza begins to feel better and returns to her natural caregiving role. The more that is revealed about Evelina’s marriage, the more the sisters become out of touch with one another, realizing the difference in the lives they have been living. After learning of her sisters religious belief, Ann Eliza is feeling even more disconnected from her sister. The story ends with Ann Eliza resuming her lonely sacrificial life on her own. Bunner Sisters Author Edith Wharton Publication date 1916 ISBN 9781444654790

Characters

Ann Eliza

Elder sister, self-sacrificing and deeply loyal to her younger sister, Evelina. Ann Eliza is willing to put Evelina above herself is almost every situation, often leading to limitations placed on her life.

Evelina

Younger sister to Ann Eliza, tends to be viewed as more romantic, dreamy, and yearns for a life beyond the small shop she owns with her sister. Evelina tends to be more self-centered and impressionable than her sister which leads her to seek love for Mr. Ramy. Which continues to lead into her poor choices, ultimately causing her more hardships.

Herman Ramy

German clockmaker who Ann Eliza buys a clock from for Evelina’s birthday, setting off the events of the story. In the beginning of the story, Mr. Ramy is seen as a potential suiter for the sisters. Catching Evelina’s eye and sweeping her off her feet.

Mrs. Houchmuller

A friend of Mr. Ramy, her existence in the story reveals Mr. Ramy’s secret hidden life. In the story, she symbolizes the unseen and complicated the lives of lower-class women, leaving them to navigate complex relationships and economic challenges on their own.

Miss Mellins

A seamstress and neighbor of the Bunner Sisters, she is known for her gossiping and dramatic storytelling. Her position in the story is mainly adding humor to the story and shows the close-knit, limited social circle of the sisters, further showcasing the limited social opportunities for companionship in their community.

Themes

Female independence and constraints

False conceptions of independence

While the sisters own their own shop, it wasn't something that was likely seen a lot at the time this novella takes place. During this time period, women were typically dependent on men and based their self-worth on their marriage status. As they introduce Mr. Ramy into their lives, they begin to depend on him, primarily Evelina who seems him as an escape from her normal routine in the shop to enter a more “respectable” life as a wife and homemaker. As their reliance on Mr. Ramy grows, the sisters lost their autonomy and become more entrapped with him, allowing in to be the decision maker and following his choices. [2]

Female ideologies

Marriage and self-worth

Within the story, the ideology that a woman’s life isn’t fulfilled unless they're married is sewn throughout Evelina’s character. She sees Mr. Ramy as an escape of her monotonous life inside the shop. For Evelina, marriage offers not only romantic fulfillment, but also social respect from those in her community. This belief in the story reflects the belief in the culture of the time that a women’s self-worth depended on their marriage title and the only way they could achieve happiness is through marriage. [3]

Symbolism

The clock

The clock that Ann Eliza bought Evelina is a key symbol in Bunner Sisters, The clock can be used to symbolize hope and aspirations, the passage of time, the rise and fall of romance, and sacrifice.

Passage of time

A clock itself is naturally used to keep time or show the passage of time. Within the story, it can be seen as used to highlight the sisters aging, skipping over their "idea”" time of marriage, and limiting their chances for love<

Hope and aspiration

The clock is bought as a gesture of love from Ann Eliza to Evelina, with the intention of bringing a small amount of joy into the sister's otherwise dull lives. This purchase can be seen as an act of optimism, and symbolizes Ann Eliza’s hope for a brighter future despite the current financial situation.

Sacrifice

At the beginning of the story, the purchase of the clock was a symbol of a financial sacrifice for Ann Eliza, used to show her love and devotion for her sister, further underlining Ann Eliza’s generosity and tendency to give up her needs for her sister. Throughout the happenings of the story, The clock becomes a symbol of sacrifice of love with little return.

Setting

The story takes place in a small shop owned by the sisters on a street that is described as “already doomed to decline,” providing a backdrop for the lives of the two sisters, Ann Eliza and Evelina. Taking place in the late 19th century New York City, the setting depicts the poverty, isolation, and constraining forces that the sisters live in. Although they live in New York City, their socioeconomic status and provides them with a sense of isolations from those who have found major success in the City. Consisting of simple furnishings, their shop also reflects their status and economic hardships that are faced by the sisters. The sister's social and economic roles are a direct reflection of the constraints placed on women in the late 19th century.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edith Wharton</span> American writer and designer (1862–1937)

Edith Newbold Wharton was an American writer and designer. Wharton drew upon her insider's knowledge of the upper-class New York "aristocracy" to portray, realistically, the lives and morals of the Gilded Age. In 1921, she became the first woman to win the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for her novel, The Age of Innocence. She was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1996. Her other well-known works are The House of Mirth, the novella Ethan Frome, and several notable ghost stories.

<i>The Age of Innocence</i> 1920 novel by Edith Wharton

The Age of Innocence is a novel by American author Edith Wharton, published on 25 October 1920. It was her eighth novel, and was initially serialized in 1920 in four parts, in the magazine Pictorial Review. Later that year, it was released as a book by D. Appleton & Company. It won the 1921 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, making Wharton the first woman to win the prize. Though the committee had initially agreed to give the award to Sinclair Lewis for Main Street, the judges, in rejecting his book on political grounds, "established Wharton as the American 'First Lady of Letters'". The story is set in the 1870s, in upper-class, "Gilded Age" New York City. Wharton wrote the book in her 50s, after she was already established as a major author in high demand by publishers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ann Eliza Young</span> Early Mormon and later a critic of polygamy

Ann Eliza Young also known as Ann Eliza Webb Dee Young Denning was one of Brigham Young's fifty-six wives and later a critic of polygamy. Her autobiography, Wife No. 19, was a recollection of her experiences in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. She grew up in a polygamous household that moved to Utah during the Mormon migration. Ann Eliza was married and divorced three times: first to James Dee, then Young, and finally Moses Denning. Her divorce from Young reached a national audience when Ann Eliza sued with allegations of neglect, cruel treatment, and desertion. She was born a member of the LDS Church but was excommunicated shortly after her public divorce from Young.

<i>The House of Mirth</i> 1905 novel by Edith Wharton

The House of Mirth is a novel by American author Edith Wharton, published on 14 October 1905. It tells the story of Lily Bart, a well-born but impoverished woman belonging to New York City's high society in the 1890s. The House of Mirth traces Lily's slow two-year social descent from privilege to a lonely existence on the margins of society. In the words of one scholar, Wharton uses Lily as an attack on "an irresponsible, grasping and morally corrupt upper class."

<i>Evelina</i> 1778 novel by Frances Burney

Evelina, or the History of a Young Lady's Entrance into the World is a novel written by English author Frances Burney and first published in 1778. Although published anonymously, its authorship was revealed by the poet George Huddesford in what Burney called a "vile poem".

<i>Daisy Miller</i> 1878 novella by Henry James

Daisy Miller is a novella by Henry James that first appeared in The Cornhill Magazine in June–July 1878, and in book form the following year. It portrays the courtship of the beautiful American girl Daisy Miller by Winterbourne, a sophisticated compatriot of hers. His pursuit of her is hampered by her own flirtatiousness, which is frowned upon by the other expatriates when they meet in Switzerland and Italy.

<i>The Coquette</i> 1797 novel by Hannah Webster Foster

The Coquette or, The History of Eliza Wharton is an epistolary novel by Hannah Webster Foster. It was published anonymously in 1797, and did not appear under the author's real name until 1856, 16 years after Foster's death. It was one of the best-selling novels of its time and was reprinted eight times between 1824 and 1828. A fictionalized account of the much-publicized death of a socially elite Connecticut woman after giving birth to a stillborn, illegitimate child at a roadside tavern, Foster's novel highlights the social conditions that lead to the downfall of an otherwise well-educated and socially adept woman.

<i>The Buccaneers</i> 1938 novel by Edith Wharton

The Buccaneers is the last novel written by Edith Wharton. The story is set in the 1870s, around the time Wharton was a young girl. It was unfinished at the time of her death in 1937 and published in that form in 1938. Wharton's manuscript ends with Lizzy inviting Nan to a house party, to which Guy Thwaite has also been invited. The book was published in 1938 by Penguin Books in New York. After some time, Marion Mainwaring finished the novel, following Wharton's detailed outline, in 1993.

<i>Perfect Strangers</i> (1945 film) 1945 British drama film

Perfect Strangers, is a 1945 British drama film made by London Films. It stars Robert Donat and Deborah Kerr as a married couple whose relationship is shaken by their service in the Second World War. The supporting cast includes Glynis Johns, Ann Todd and Roland Culver. It was produced and directed by Alexander Korda from a screenplay by Clemence Dane and Anthony Pelissier based on a story by Clemence Dane. Dane won the Academy Award for Best Story. The music score was by Clifton Parker and the cinematography by Georges Périnal.

"Roman Fever" is a short story by American writer Edith Wharton. It was first published in Liberty magazine on November 10, 1934. A revised and expanded version of the story was published in Wharton's 1936 short story collection The World Over.

Summer is a novel by Edith Wharton, which was published in 1917 by Charles Scribner's Sons. While most novels by Edith Wharton dealt with New York's upper-class society, this is one of two novels by Wharton with rural settings. Its themes include social class, the role of women in society, destructive relationships, sexual awakening and the desire of its protagonist, named Charity Royall. The novel was rather controversial for its time and is one of the less famous among her novels because of its subject matter.

<i>The Custom of the Country</i> 1913 novel by Edith Wharton

The Custom of the Country is a 1913 tragicomedy of manners novel by the American author Edith Wharton. It tells the story of Undine Spragg, a Midwestern girl who attempts to ascend in New York City society.

<i>The Touchstone</i> (novella) 1900 novella by Edith Wharton

The Touchstone is a novella by American writer Edith Wharton. Written in 1900, it was the first of her many stories describing life in old New York.

<i>The Old Maid</i> (play) 1935 play adapted by Zoë Akins from Edith Whartons 1924 novella

The Old Maid is a 1934 play by American playwright Zoë Akins, adapted from Edith Wharton's 1924 novella of the same name. The play as published has six "episodes", covering twenty-one years of time. It has a large cast, and three settings; one is used for the last four episodes (scenes). The story concerns two women, cousins, who allow rancor over a lost love to become a struggle for the illegitimate daughter of one.

<i>The Antique Gift Shop</i>

The Antique Gift Shop is a manhwa created by Lee Eun. In the United States, Yen Press publishes the series.

Old New York (1924) is a collection of four novellas by Edith Wharton, revolving around upper-class New York City society in the 1840s, 1850s, 1860s, and 1870s.

<i>Lucy Gallant</i> 1955 film

Lucy Gallant is a 1955 American drama film directed by Robert Parrish and written by John Lee Mahin and Winston Miller. The film stars Jane Wyman, Charlton Heston, Claire Trevor, Thelma Ritter, William Demarest and Wallace Ford. The film was released on October 20, 1955, by Paramount Pictures.

Edith Escombe (1866–1950) was an English writer of stories and essays born in Manchester. Several of her works concern marriage and the demands it makes on women. Two of her novellas were republished in 2010 and 2011 by the British Library.

<i>Twilight Sleep</i> (novel) 1927 novel by Edith Wharton

Twilight Sleep is a novel by American author Edith Wharton and was first published in 1927 as a serial in the Pictorial Review before being published as a novel in the same year. The story, filled with irony, is centered around a socialite family navigating the New York of the Jazz Age and their relationships. This novel landed at number one on the best-selling list just two months after its publication and finished the year at number 7. Even as a best selling novel Twilight Sleep was not well received by critics at the time, who, while appreciating Wharton as a writer, struggled with the scenarios and characters she had created in the novel. While it was not considered as such in its own time period, today Twilight Sleep is widely considered to be a modernist novel as it employs modernist literary devices, such as an ever changing narration among the novel's characters and a close examination of the characters' self-identities and relationships with one another.

"The Other Two" is a short story by Edith Wharton, originally published in Collier’s Weekly on February 13, 1904. It is considered by some critics to be among her best short fiction. Wharton explores themes of marriage, divorce, and social class through the perspective of businessman Mr. Waythorn, shortly after his marriage to the twice-divorced Alice. The story centers on Waythorn's evolving perspective as he encounters both of Alice's former husbands.

References

  1. Van Rosk, Nancy (2012). "Prince Charming or Animal Bridegroom?: Fairy Tale Elements in Edith Wharton's "Bunner Sisters"". Journal of the Short Story in English. 58: 1–12.
  2. Xu, Yuemeng; Liu, Yongjie (2018-12-01). "An Analysis of the Female Ideologies in Bunner Sisters from the Perspective of "Power-Over"". International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature. 7 (7): 74–79. doi:10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.7n.7p.74. ISSN   2200-3452.
  3. Xu, Yuemeng; Liu, Yongjie (2018-12-01). "An Analysis of the Female Ideologies in Bunner Sisters from the Perspective of "Power-Over"". International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature. 7 (7): 74–79. doi:10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.7n.7p.74. ISSN   2200-3452.

Bibliography

Edith Wharton, Bunner Sisters, Grandfather Clock series, flower-ed 2019, ISBN   978-8885628540