Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca was a Brazilian politician and military officer who served as the first president of Brazil. He was born in Alagoas in a military family, followed a military career, and became a national figure. Fonseca took office as provisional president after heading a military coup that deposed Emperor Pedro II and established the First Brazilian Republic in 1889, disestablishing the Empire. After his election in 1891, he stepped down the same year under great political pressure when he dissolved the National Congress. He died less than a year later.
The Lei Áurea, officially Law No. 3,353 of 13 May 1888, is the law that abolished slavery in Brazil. It was signed by Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil (1846–1921), an opponent of slavery, who acted as regent to Emperor Pedro II, who was in Europe.
O Estado de S. Paulo, also known as Estadão, is a daily newspaper published in São Paulo, Brazil. It is the third largest newspaper in Brazil, and its format changed from broadsheet to berliner on October 17, 2021.
General elections were held in Brazil on 6 October 2002, with a second round of the presidential election on 27 October. The elections were held in the midst of an economic crisis that began in the second term of the incumbent president, Fernando Henrique Cardoso of the centre-right Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB). Due to constitutional term limits, Cardoso was ineligible to run for a third consecutive term.
The Apogee of Pedro II of Brazil refers to the decade from 1870 to 1881 during which Emperor Pedro II, and Brazil itself, reached the height of their prestige and activity. The nation experienced rapid development and the emperor was intimately involved in pushing for further progress on a variety of economic and cultural fronts. It was during this period that serious efforts toward the end of slavery began to be implemented.
Luís Gonzaga Pinto da Gama was a Brazilian lawyer, abolitionist, orator, journalist and writer, and the Patron of the abolition of slavery in Brazil.
Ruy Barbosa de Oliveira, also known as Rui Barbosa, was a Brazilian politician, writer, jurist, and diplomat.
The Encilhamento was an economic bubble that boomed in the late 1880s and early 1890s in Brazil, bursting during the early years of the First Brazilian Republic (1889–1894) and leading to an institutional and a financial crisis. Two Finance Ministers, first the Viscount of Ouro Preto and then Ruy Barbosa, adopted a policy of unrestricted credit for industrial investments, backed by an abundant issuance of money, in order to encourage Brazil's industrialization. This policy of economic incentives created unbridled speculation and increased inflation, and encouraged fraudulent initial public offerings (IPOs) and takeovers.
Racism has been present in Brazil since its colonial period and is pointed as one of the major and most widespread types of discrimination, if not the most, in the country by several anthropologists, sociologists, jurists, historians and others. The myth of a racial democracy, a term originally coined by Brazilian sociologist Gilberto Freyre in his 1933 work Casa-Grande & Senzala, is used by many people in the country to deny or downplay the existence and the broad extension of racism in Brazil.
Museu Afro Brasil is a history, artistic and ethnographic museum dedicated to the research, preservation, and exhibition of objects and works related to the cultural sphere of black people in Brazil. It is a public institution held by the Secretariat for Culture of the São Paulo State and managed by the Museu Afro Brasil Association. The museum is located in Ibirapuera Park, a major urban park in São Paulo. The Manoel da Nóbrega Pavilion, designed by Oscar Niemeyer in 1959, houses the Museum. It holds around 6 thousands items and pieces including paintings, sculptures, photos, documents, and archives created between the 15th Century and the present day. The aggregation of pieces includes many works of the African and Afro-Brazilian cultural spheres, ranging from subjects and topics such as religion, labor, and art to the African Diaspora and slavery, whilst registering and affirming the historical trajectory and the African influences in the construction of the Brazilian society. The Museum also offers a diverse range of cultural and didactic activities, temporary expositions, and contains a theater and a specialized library.
Lilia Katri Moritz Schwarcz is a Brazilian historian and anthropologist. She is a doctor in social anthropology at the University of São Paulo, full professor at the Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas in the same institution, and visiting professor at Princeton University.
Luis Felipe Machado de Oliveira is a Brazilian journalist, writer and musician. He is currently the Communications Director for Worldfund, a nonprofit organization with educational projects. His journalistic career includes leading positions at a few of Brazil's most relevant media companies, such as O Estado de S. Paulo, R7 and Diário de S.Paulo. As a writer, he produced two novels, two non-fiction works and an award-winning children's book.
Sinhá Moça is a Brazilian telenovela produced and displayed at the time of 18 hours by TV Globo, April 28 to November 14, 1986, in 168 chapters. It substituted De Quina pra Lua and was succeeded by Direito de Amar.
Marcelo D'Salete is a Brazilian comic book writer, illustrator and professor. He holds a master's degree in art history from the University of São Paulo.
Sérgio Nascimento de Camargo is a Brazilian journalist and politician, affiliated with the PL. He is known for his conservative positions and for having assumed, from 2019 to 2022, the presidency of Fundação Cultural Palmares, a Brazilian body for the promotion of Afro-Brazilian culture.
Manuel Pinto de Sousa Dantas was a Brazilian lawyer, politician and Prime Minister of Brazil from 1884-1885, noted for his efforts to reform slavery.
The history of abolitionism in Brazil goes back to the first attempt to abolish indigenous slavery in Brazil, in 1611, to its definitive abolition by the Marquis of Pombal, in 1755 and 1758, during the reign of King Joseph I, and to the emancipation movements in the colonial period, particularly the 1798 Bahian Conspiracy, whose plans included the eradication of slavery. After the Independence of Brazil (1822), the discussions on this subject extended throughout the Empire period, acquiring relevance from 1850 onwards and a truly popular character from 1870 onwards, culminating with the signing of the Golden Law on May 13, 1888, which abolished slavery in Brazil.
Post-abolition is the period of Brazilian history immediately following the abolition of slavery in 1888. Defined as a major break in the system practiced until then, the period triggered significant changes in the Brazilian economy and society, which depended largely on slave labor. For the freedmen, in many ways their situation worsened. The government did not organize any program for their integration into society, and they were left to their own devices. The dominant white society remained steeped in racism and discrimination manifested itself at all levels. The vast majority of freedmen remained marginalized and deprived of access to health, education, vocational training, and the exercise of citizenship. Many lost their jobs and their homes and were forced to migrate in search of new jobs, which generally proved to be precarious and difficult. Misery became commonplace. The post-abolition period was the beginning of a long process of struggle by blacks for rights, dignity, recognition, and inclusion, which to this day is still unfinished. The abolition freed about 700,000 slaves in 1888. At that moment most of the black and brown people in Brazil were already free. According to the 1872 census, the slave population represented 15.24% of the total population of Brazil, while black and brown people in general represented 58% of that total.
The Brazilian Anti-Slavery Society was a Brazilian institution created by the engineer André Rebouças in partnership with statesman and writer Joaquim Nabuco, and lawyer and journalist José do Patrocínio. It was created on September 7, 1880, with the purpose of fighting against slavery in Brazil. Slavery was abolished in the country in 1888.
