C2P | |
---|---|
Type | artillery tractor |
Place of origin | Second Polish Republic |
Service history | |
In service | 1937-1945 |
Used by | Second Polish Republic, Nazi Germany |
Wars | World War II |
Production history | |
Designer | Janusz Łapuszewski |
Designed | 1933 |
Manufacturer | Państwowe Zakłady Inżynierii |
Unit cost | zl 33,000 |
Produced | 1937-1939 |
No. built | 196-310 |
Variants | TKS-D |
Specifications (C2P plus 40 mm Bofors in tow) | |
Mass | 2,750 kg (6,060 lb) |
Length | 2.85 m (9 ft 4 in) |
Width | 1.82 m (6 ft 0 in) |
Height | 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) |
Crew | 1 |
Passengers | 3 |
Engine | 6-cylinder Fiat 122B (PZInż 367) petrol 46 hp (34 kW) at 2,600 rpm |
Power/weight | 16.7 hp/ton |
Suspension | Bogie on leaf spring, four rubber-tyred wheels each side |
Ground clearance | 30 cm (12 in) |
Fuel capacity | 70 L (18 US gal) |
Operational range | 150 km (93 mi) on road 110 km (68 mi) off-road |
Maximum speed | 40 km/h (25 mph) on road 20 km/h (12 mph) off-road |
C2P was a Polish light artillery tractor. Designed in the 1930s, it was the basic tractor of Polish anti-aircraft artillery during the 1939 Nazi and Soviet invasion of Poland. There are only two surviving vehicles, both in private hands in Poland. [1]
The origins of the design can be traced to the Carden Loyd tankette of the 1920s. In 1929 Poland bought 10 or 11 Mark VI tankettes with a licence for their production, and used them for development of their own TK tankette series. In October 1931 Polish General Staff expressed interest in a small, highly mobile artillery tractor intended for 75 mm field guns in Polish service at the time. [2] In 1932 Janusz Łapuszewski and A. Schmidt of the BBTBP institute ("Armoured Forces Technical Study Bureau") designed a small, fully tracked artillery tractor based on TK-3 tankette. It was designed to tow 40 mm Bofors anti-aircraft guns, but could also tow other light and medium artillery used by the Polish Army, such as the modernised 75 mm Schneider guns and 100 mm Skoda howitzers. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] For heavier guns it was to be eventually replaced in Polish service with the PZInż 343 wheeled tractor, but only a couple of these were completed before the war.
Initially designated C2T (Ciągnik 2-tonowy, "Trailer, 2-Tonne"), [8] the design looked promising and the following year the first prototype was constructed by the PZInż works. [9] The original C2P design was basically a TK-3 tankette razee: it included all elements of the undercarriage and traction system, [10] with the armoured fighting compartment removed and replaced with a simple open cockpit with seating for four crew members: one driver and three passengers. The prototype was completed on 1 July 1933 and included some modifications to the Carden Loyd suspension designed for the TKS tankette. [2]
The prototype was a promising vehicle. The design, to some extent similar to French Renault UE tractors, was nevertheless both more advanced, more reliable and faster than its French counterpart. [3] During trials it was discovered that in ideal conditions the C2P could tow a 40 mm Bofors anti-aircraft gun at a speed of 30 to 40 km/h (19 to 25 mph) on a good road, [11] and that similar speeds were achieved during cross-country trials. [5] [6] Earlier C4P tractors were significantly slower, towing the guns at 12 km/h (7.5 mph). [12]
However, it was discovered that the rear of the vehicle was overloaded and that the vehicle's manoeuvrability was far from satisfactory. [13] To counter the first problem, the rear tension wheels were enlarged, equipped with leaf springs and lowered to the ground, thus converting them to driving wheels. [2] The problem with steering the tractor under heavy load was eventually solved by adding two steering clutches to both sides of the suspension system. [9] The latter modification in 1938 was included also in the development of the TKS tankette (in the TKS-B variant). [9] However, by then the serial production of TKS was stopped and in the end the C2P's undercarriage remained distinctive. [9] However, as both designs were being developed simultaneously at the same facility, both were supervised by Rudolf Gundlach and their designers sometimes referred to the C2P as "ciągnik TKS" (TKS tractor), [2] some sources call C2P a development version of TKS, which is not entirely true. [10]
After the second round of trials the prototype was also equipped with a simple windshield and a folding tarpaulin roof to protect the crew from rain or snow. [7] On 20 January 1936 the prototype left the PZInż factory for the third round of road tests. [7] The vehicle spent the best part of February travelling across Poland with a 75 mm gun attached. In June and July the tests were resumed, this time with a 1,480 kg (3,260 lb) fuel trailer, and again in September, towing the new Bofors 40 mm gun (Polish designation wz. 36 Bofors). [7] Altogether the prototype covered over 4,000 km (2,500 miles) without a serious malfunction. [7] On 15 February 1937 the trials ended and the C2P was proposed for serial production. [7]
Serial production was started in 1937 at the F-1 factory of the PZInż holding at Czechowice near Warsaw. [8] The C2P replaced TKS on the production lines, which meant that the production could start quickly, as both vehicles shared many components. [7] According to newest research, until September 1939 no less than 316 were delivered to the Polish Army (earlier publications gave smaller figures). [14] An additional 117 were on order, to be completed from December 1939 to 1940. [14]
Although initially designed for field artillery, in the end all C2P tractors were attached to anti-aircraft artillery units as the primary vehicle for towing the Bofors 40 mm gun, two for every gun: one towed the gun itself, the other towed an ammo caisson carrying 400 shells. [7] Both trailers also carried the gun's crew of 5 (plus two drivers), as well as up to 160 shells. [6] [7] 292 tractors were used in regular units (with 31 A-type four-gun batteries and 11 B-type two-gun batteries). [14]
In 1936 two C2P tractors served as the basis for the TKS-D tank destroyer prototypes. [15]
The C2P tractor was primarily used by the Polish Army. A number of C2P tractors were captured by the invading Wehrmacht and were pressed into German service under the designation of Artillerie Schlepper C2P(p) ("artillery tractor, C2P, Polish"). [16] [17]
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