CP2 (classification)

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CP2 is a disability sport classification specific to cerebral palsy. In many sports, it is grouped inside other classifications to allow people with cerebral palsy to compete against people with other different disabilities but the same level of functionality. People in this class tend to use electric wheelchairs and are quadriplegic. CP2 competitors have better upper body control when compared to CP1.

Contents

Elite sports open to CP2 classified athletes include athletics, boccia, cycling, race running, slalom, swimming, lawn bowls and archery. In some of these sports, different classification systems or names for CP2 are used. When they go through classification, CP2 people need to use a wheelchair.

Definition and participation

The spasticity athetosis level and location of a CP2 sportsperson. CP2 disability profile.png
The spasticity athetosis level and location of a CP2 sportsperson.

Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association defined this class in January 2005 as, "Quadriplegic (Tetraplegic)-Severe to moderate involvement. Spasticity Grade 3+ to 3 with or without athetosis. Severe athetoid or tetraplegic with more function in less affected side. Poor functional strength in all extremities and trunk but able to propel a wheelchair. Lower Extremities-A demonstrable degree of function in one or both lower limbs allowing propulsion of the wheelchair automatically qualifies individual as a Class 2 lower. If the classification team determines that the upper limb function is more appropriate for a higher 23 class then the athlete does not qualify as Class 2. Class 2 athletes (upper or lower) can sometimes ambulate but never run functionally. Trunk Control-Static control is fair. Dynamic trunk control is poor as demonstrated by the obligatory use of upper extremities and/or head to assist in returning to the mid-line (upright position). Upper Extremities-Hand-Severe to moderate involvement. Spasticity Grade 3." [1]

Performance

People in this class tend to use electric wheelchairs. They may have controlled shakes and twitches. This bodily activity can spike their metabolic rate. [2] [3] [4] [5] They can operate a manual wheelchair but this is restricted because of motor control issues. [3] Functional control issues effect all or most of their limbs. [4] [6] [7] When participating in sport, CP2 competitors tend to have low energy expenditure. [2]

While CP2, CP3 and CP6 have similar issues with Athetoid or Ataxic, CP6 competitors have "flight" while they are ambulant in that it is possible for both feet to not be touching the ground while walking. CP2 and CP3 are unable to do this. [8] CP2 competitors have better upper body control when compared to CP1. [9]

Sports

Athletics

T52 function level. Wheelchair rugby profile classification C7-8.svg
T52 function level.

In IPC sanctioned competitions, CP2 players are classified as T32/F32. [1] [3] [7] [10] Events that may be on the program for CP2 competitors include the club, discus throw, shot put and javelin. [7] In track events, they have poor wheelchair control and may only be able to push their chair forwards using one arm. In field throwing events, CP2 competitors may have poor device release because of spasticity in their hands but still have good upper body rotation. [1] [10] Their throwing motion generally is not a typical one owing to the lack of motion control. [3] In some cases, CP2 athletes be grouped in with F51, F52 or F53 classes. [7] [11] [12]

Prior to a classification rule change made in 2009, CP2 Lower athletes often compete in T31 for track events. [13] Historically, CP2 athletes were more active in track events. Changes in the classification during the 1980s and 1990s led to most track events for CP2 racers being dropped and replaced exclusively with field events. [14] [15] This has been criticized, because with the rise of commercialization of the Paralympic movement, there has been a reduction of classes in more popular sports for people with the most severe disabilities as these classes often have much higher support costs associated with them. [16] [17] [18]

Boccia

Boccia made its debut on the Paralympic program at the 1984 Games. [19] Boccia began to develop as an important sport for people in this class as track events began to disappear. The timing of this matched with a push by the CP-ISRA to promote the sport. [14]

People with cerebral palsy are eligible to compete in boccia at the Paralympic Games. [1] [2] [20] CP2 competitors compete in the BC1 or BC2 class in BisFed events. [21] [22] BC1 CP2 boccia players may push the ball with their feet instead of their arms or using a ramp like CP1 players in the same class. [5] [21] [22] They are allowed to have assistants. [5] BC2 classified players are not allowed to have assistants. [5]

Cycling

CP1 to CP4 competitors may compete using tricycles in the T1 class. [6] [22] [23] Tricycles are only eligible to compete in road events, not track ones. [6] Tricycles are often required because their level of CP effects their balance and they are unable to use a standard bicycle. [5] CP2 cyclists may also use a handcycle in the H1 class. [22] All CP2 cyclists are required to wear a helmet, with a special color used to designate their class. [5] Their helmet color is red. [9] [24]

Race running

CP2 race runners are classified as RR2. [7] [22] The classes events include the 100 meters, 200 meters and 400 meters. [22] The running style of CP2 competitors differs a lot within the class. They may run using a standard form but with much shorter slides. They may also run with their legs butterflying. [21] They generally do not require their arms be strapped to race runner. They will still have difficulty grasping the handles and steering. [1] Compared to other CP race running classes, CP1 and CP2 have a low economy of movement. [25]

Slalom

One of the available sports for CP2 competitors is slalom. Slalom involves an obstacle course for people using carts. CP2 competitors use self-propelled carts to navigate the course. [20]

Swimming

S2 functionality. Wheelchair rugby profile classification C5-6.svg
S2 functionality.

CP2 sports people are eligible to compete in swimming at the Paralympic Games. [1] [2] CP2 tend to be classified as S2. [26] CP2 swimmers tend to have a passive normalized drag in the range of 1.0 to 1.1. This puts them into the passive drag band of PDB4. [26]

Other sports

People with cerebral palsy are eligible to compete at the elite level in a number of other sports including lawn bowls and archery. [20]

Classification process

The process for being classified is often sports specific. [27] As a general rule, CP2 sportspeople need to attend classification in a wheelchair. Failure to do so could result in them being classified as an ambulatory CP class competitor such as CP5 or CP6, or a related sport specific class. [10]

A standard bench press form used to for functional classification for wheelchair sportspeople. Bench test for disability sports.png
A standard bench press form used to for functional classification for wheelchair sportspeople.

One of the standard means of assessing functional classification is the bench test, which is used in swimming, lawn bowls and wheelchair fencing. Using the Adapted Research Council (MRC) measurements, muscle strength is tested using the bench press for a variety of disabilities a muscle being assessed on a scale of 1 to 5 for people with cerebral palsy and other issues with muscle spasticity. A 1 is for no functional movement of the muscle or where there is no motor coordination. A 2 is for normal muscle movement range not exceeding 25% or where the movement can only take place with great difficult and, even then, very slowly. A 3 is where normal muscle movement range does not exceed 50%. A 4 is when normal muscle movement range does not exceed 75% and or there is slight in-coordination of muscle movement. A 5 is for normal muscle movement.

Swimming classification for CP2 swimmers generally has three components. The first is a bench press. The second is water test. The third is in competition observation. [28] [29] As part of the water test, swimmers are often required to demonstrate their swimming technique for all four strokes. They usually swim a distance of 25 meters for each stroke. They are also generally required to demonstrate how they enter the water and how they turn in the pool. [29]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Summer Paralympic Games</span> International multi-sport event for disabled athletes

The Summer Paralympics, also known as the Games of the Paralympiad, are an international multi-sport event where athletes with physical disabilities compete. This includes athletes with mobility disabilities, amputations, blindness, and cerebral palsy. The Paralympic Games are held every four years, organized by the International Paralympic Committee. Medals are awarded in every event, with gold medals for first place, silver for second and bronze for third, a tradition that the Olympic Games started in 1904.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">S7 (classification)</span> Para-swimming classification

S7, SB6, SM7 are para-swimming classifications used for categorizing swimmers based on their level of disability. Swimmers in this class have use of their arms and trunk. They have limited leg function or are missing a leg or parts of both legs. This class includes a number of different disabilities including people with amputations and cerebral palsy. The classification is governed by the International Paralympic Committee, and competes at the Paralympic Games.

S2, SB1, SM2 are para-swimming classifications used for categorizing swimmers based on their level of disability. People in this class have limited use of their arms, and no or extremely limited use of their hands, legs and trunk. Swimmers in this class have a variety of different disabilities including cerebral palsy and amputations.

S1, SB1, SM1 are para-swimming classifications used for categorising swimmers based on their level of disability. The classifications cover athletes with "very severe coordination problems in four limbs or have no use of their legs, trunk, hands and minimal use of their shoulders only". Swimmers in this class have a variety of different disabilities including cerebral palsy.

T33 and CP3 are disability sport classification for disability athletics. The class competes using a wheelchair. The classification is one of eight for people with cerebral palsy, and one of four for people with cerebral palsy who use a wheelchair. Athletes in this class have moderate quadriplegia, and difficulty with forward trunk movement. They also may have hypertonia, ataxia and athetosis.

T34 is a disability sport classification for disability athletics. The classification is one of eight specifically for athletes with cerebral palsy, and one of four for athletes with cerebral palsy who use a wheelchair. People in this class have hypertonia, ataxia and athetosis. This class includes people who have cerebral palsy, or who have had a stroke or traumatic brain injury.

Disability sports classification is a system that allows for fair competition between people with different types of disabilities.

BC1 is a boccia classification. The class is open to people with several different types of disabilities, including cerebral palsy. BC1 players have events open to them in boccia on the Paralympic Games program.

BC2 is a boccia classification. The class is open to people with several different types of disabilities, including cerebral palsy. BC2 players have events open to them in boccia on the Paralympic Games program.

BC3 is a boccia classification. The class is open to people with several different types of disabilities, including cerebral palsy. BC3 players have events open to them in boccia on the Paralympic Games program.

C3 is a para-cycling classification. The class includes people with moderate upper or lower limb dysfunctions and includes cyclists with cerebral palsy, limb impairments and amputations. The UCI recommends this be coded as MC3 or WC3. The class competes at the Paralympic Games.

T1 is a para-cycling classification. It is for athletes with severe locomotive dysfunctions, and insufficient balance to use a regular bicycle. The class includes a number of different disability types including cerebral palsy. The class only competes in road events and uses tricycles.

Boccia classification is the classification system governing boccia, a sport designed specifically for people with disabilities. Classification is handled by Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association. There are four classifications for this sport. All four classes are eligible to compete at the Paralympic Games.

CP1 is a disability sport classification specific to cerebral palsy. In many sports, it is grouped inside other classifications to allow people with cerebral palsy to compete against people with other different disabilities but the same level of functionality. CP1 classified competitors are the group who are most physically affected by their cerebral palsy. They are quadriplegics.

CP3 is a disability sport classification specific to cerebral palsy. In many sports, it is grouped inside other classifications to allow people with cerebral palsy to compete against people with other different disabilities but the same level of functionality. Compared higher number CP classes, they have increased issues with head movement and trunk function. They tend to use wheelchairs on a daily basis though they may be ambulant with the use of assistive devices.

CP4 is a disability sport classification specific to cerebral palsy. In many sports, it is grouped inside other classifications to allow people with cerebral palsy to compete against people with other different disabilities but the same level of functionality. Compared lower number CP classes, they have fewer issues with head movement and trunk function. They tend to use wheelchairs on a daily basis though they may be ambulant with the use of assistive devices.

CP6 is a disability sport classification specific to cerebral palsy. In many sports, it is grouped inside other classifications to allow people with cerebral palsy to compete against people with other different disabilities but the same level of functionality. Sportspeople in this class are ambulatory, and able to walk without the use of an assistive device. Their bodies are constantly in motion. The running form of people in this class is often better than their form while walking.

CP7 is a disability sport classification specific to cerebral palsy. In many sports, it is grouped inside other classifications to allow people with cerebral palsy to compete against people with other different disabilities but with the same level of functionality. Sportspeople in this class can walk but may appear to have a limp as half their body is affected by cerebral palsy.

CP8 is a disability sport classification specific to cerebral palsy. In many sports, it is grouped inside other classifications to allow people with cerebral palsy to compete against people with other different disabilities but the same level of functionality.

Cerebral palsy sport classification is a classification system used by sports that include people with cerebral palsy (CP) with different degrees of severity to compete fairly against each other and against others with different types of disabilities. In general, Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association (CP-ISRA) serves as the body in charge of classification for cerebral palsy sport, though some sports have their own classification systems which apply to CP sportspeople.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "CLASSIFICATION AND SPORTS RULE MANUAL" (PDF). CPISRA. January 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 15, 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Broad, Elizabeth (2014-02-06). Sports Nutrition for Paralympic Athletes. CRC Press. ISBN   9781466507562.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR STUDENTS WITH A DISABILITY". Queensland Sport. Archived from the original on April 4, 2015. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
  4. 1 2 "Kategorie postižení handicapovaných sportovců". Tyden (in Czech). September 12, 2008. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hutson, Michael; Speed, Cathy (2011-03-17). Sports Injuries. OUP Oxford. ISBN   9780199533909.
  6. 1 2 3 "Clasificaciones de Ciclismo" (PDF). Comisión Nacional de Cultura Física y Deporte (in Mexican Spanish). Mexico. Retrieved July 23, 2016.[ permanent dead link ]
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 "Invitation til DHIF's Atletik Forbunds". Frederiksberg Handicapidræt (in Danish). 2007. Archived from the original on September 16, 2016. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
  8. ↑ "Classification Rulebook" (PDF). International Federation of CP Football. January 2015. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
  9. 1 2 Hernández García, Jose Ignacio; Vecino, Jorge Manrique; Koszegi, Melinda; Marto, Anabela. "PROGRAMA LEONARDO DA VINCI, TRAINING SPORT ASSISTANTS FOR THE DISABLED" (PDF). Programa Leonardo da Vinci. European Union. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-16. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
  10. 1 2 3 Cashman, Richmard; Darcy, Simon (2008-01-01). Benchmark Games. Benchmark Games. ISBN   9781876718053.
  11. ↑ "Para-Athlete (AWD) entry form – NSW PSSA Track & Field". Sydney East PSSA. 2016. Archived from the original on September 28, 2016. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
  12. ↑ "Diocesan Athletics Championships - 2016 School Officials" (PDF). Wollongong Diocesan Sports Council. 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-18. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
  13. ↑ Tweedy, Sean (June 2009). "IPC Athletics Classification Project for Physical Impairments" (PDF). International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
  14. 1 2 Howe, David (2008-02-19). The Cultural Politics of the Paralympic Movement: Through an Anthropological Lens. Routledge. ISBN   9781134440832.
  15. ↑ Loland, Sigmund; Skirstad, Berit; Waddington, Ivan (2006-01-01). Pain and Injury in Sport: Social and Ethical Analysis. Taylor & Francis. ISBN   9780415357036.
  16. ↑ Hardman, Alun R.; Jones, Carwyn (2010-12-02). The Ethics of Sports Coaching. Routledge. ISBN   9781135282967.
  17. ↑ Brittain, Ian (2016-07-01). The Paralympic Games Explained: Second Edition. Routledge. ISBN   9781317404156.
  18. ↑ Baker, Joe; Safai, Parissa; Fraser-Thomas, Jessica (2014-10-17). Health and Elite Sport: Is High Performance Sport a Healthy Pursuit?. Routledge. ISBN   9781134620012.
  19. ↑ Whyte, Gregory; Loosemore, Mike; Williams, Clyde (2015-07-27). ABC of Sports and Exercise Medicine. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN   9781118777503.
  20. 1 2 3 Daďová, Klára; Čichoň, Rostislav; Švarcová, Jana; Potměšil, Jaroslav (2008). "KLASIFIKACE PRO VÝKONNOSTNÍ SPORT ZDRAVOTNĚ POSTIŽENÝCH". Karolinum (in Czech). Prague. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
  21. 1 2 3 "CLASSIFICATION AND SPORTS RULE MANUAL" (PDF). CPISRA. January 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 15, 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Classification Made Easy" (PDF). Sportability British Columbia. July 2011. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
  23. ↑ "Classification Profiles" (PDF). Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-18. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  24. ↑ "CAPACITÀ PER LO SPORT', FORMAZIONE DEGLI OPERATORI SPORTIVI SPECIALIZZATI PER PERSONE CON DISABILITÀ" (PDF). Programa Leonardo da Vinci (in Italian). European Union. September 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-17. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
  25. ↑ Vanlandewijck, Yves; Van de Vliet, Peter; O’Donnell, Ruairi. "Ergonomic optimization as a basis of performance enhancement in cerebral palsy athletes" (PDF). Retrieved July 19, 2016.
  26. 1 2 Tim-Taek, Oh; Osborough, Conor; Burkett, Brendan; Payton, Carl (2015). "Consideration of Passive Drag in IPC Swimming Classification System" (PDF). VISTA Conference. International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
  27. ↑ "Classification Profiles" (PDF). Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-18. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  28. ↑ "CLASSIFICATION GUIDE" (PDF). Swimming Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 15, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2016.
  29. 1 2 "Classification Profiles" (PDF). Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-18. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
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