Casein kinase I isoform epsilon is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CSNK1E gene. [5] [6]
Casein kinase I isoform epsilon is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CSNK1E gene. [5] [6]
The protein encoded by this gene is a serine/threonine protein kinase and a member of the casein kinase I protein family, whose members have been implicated in the control of cytoplasmic and nuclear processes, including DNA replication and repair. The encoded protein is found in the cytoplasm as a monomer and can phosphorylate a variety of proteins, including itself. This protein has been shown to phosphorylate proteins of the Period family of circadian rhythm proteins. A homolog of this mammalian protein can be found in Drosophila melanogaster. Known as doubletime, this protein also plays a role in the phosphorylation of proteins involved in circadian rhythms. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [7]
CSNK1E has been shown to interact with PER1 [8] and AXIN1. [9]
Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) also known as deleted in polyposis 2.5 (DP2.5) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APC gene. The APC protein is a negative regulator that controls beta-catenin concentrations and interacts with E-cadherin, which are involved in cell adhesion. Mutations in the APC gene may result in colorectal cancer.
The Casein kinase 1 family of protein kinases are serine/threonine-selective enzymes that function as regulators of signal transduction pathways in most eukaryotic cell types. CK1 isoforms are involved in Wnt signaling, circadian rhythms, nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling of transcription factors, DNA repair, and DNA transcription.
Casein kinase 2 (CK2/CSNK2) is a serine/threonine-selective protein kinase that has been implicated in cell cycle control, DNA repair, regulation of the circadian rhythm, and other cellular processes. De-regulation of CK2 has been linked to tumorigenesis as a potential protection mechanism for mutated cells. Proper CK2 function is necessary for survival of cells as no knockout models have been successfully generated.
Casein kinase I isoform delta also known as CKI-delta or CK1δ is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the gene CSNK1D, which is located on chromosome 17 (17q25.3). It is a member of the CK1 family of serine/threonine specific eukaryotic protein kinases encompassing seven distinct isoforms as well as various post-transcriptionally processed splice variants in mammalians. Meanwhile, CK1δ homologous proteins have been isolated from organisms like yeast, basidiomycetes, plants, algae, and protozoa.
Casein kinase II subunit alpha is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CSNK2A1 gene.
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, also known as GSK3B, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSK3B gene. In mice, the enzyme is encoded by the GSK-3β gene. Abnormal regulation and expression of GSK3β is associated with an increased susceptibility towards bipolar disorder.
Casein kinase II subunit alpha' is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CSNK2A2 gene.
Axin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AXIN1 gene.
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit alpha isoform is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPP2R5A gene.
Casein kinase II subunit beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CSNK2B gene.
Segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DVL1 gene.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase Sgk3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SGK3 gene.
Protein Wnt-3a is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT3A gene.
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit beta isoform is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPP2R5B gene.
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit epsilon isoform is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPP2R5E gene.
Proto-oncogene FRAT1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FRAT1 gene.
Casein kinase I isoform alpha is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CSNK1A1 gene.
PF-4800567 is a drug developed by Pfizer which acts as a selective inhibitor of the enzyme Casein kinase 1 epsilon (CK1-ε), and has mainly been used in the study of the casein kinase 1 enzymes in the regulation of circadian rhythm, as well as showing potential neuroprotective effects. While this research has shown that circadian rhythm is modulated primarily by the alternate isoform CK1-δ rather than CK1-ε, both PF-4800567 and the related non-selective CK1-δ/ε inhibitor PF-670462 were found in animal studies to enhance responses to certain drugs of abuse such as methamphetamine and fentanyl, which suggests a role for CK1-ε in negative regulation of sensitivity to stimulant and opioid drugs.
Doubletime (dbt) also known as discs overgrown (dco) is a gene that encodes the double-time protein (DBT) in Drosophila melanogaster. The double-time protein is a kinase that phosphorylates PER protein that regulates the molecularly-driven, biological clock controlling circadian rhythm. The mammalian homolog of doubletime is casein kinase I epsilon. Different mutations in the dbt gene have been shown to cause lengthening, shortening, or complete loss in period of locomotor activity in flies. Drosophila and certain vertebrate Casein Kinase Id shows circadian function that has been evolutionary conserved over long time spans.
Casein kinase I isoform epsilon or CK1ε, is an enzyme that is encoded by the CSNK1E gene in humans. It is the mammalian homolog of doubletime. CK1ε is a serine/threonine protein kinase and is very highly conserved; therefore, this kinase is very similar to other members of the casein kinase 1 family, of which there are seven mammalian isoforms. CK1ε is most similar to CK1δ in structure and function as the two enzymes maintain a high sequence similarity on their regulatory C-terminal and catalytic domains. This gene is a major component of the mammalian oscillator which controls cellular circadian rhythms. CK1ε has also been implicated in modulating various human health issues such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and diabetes.
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