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The Natural History is a Latin work by Pliny the Elder. The largest single work to have survived from the Roman Empire to the modern day, the Natural History compiles information gleaned from other ancient authors. Despite the work's title, its subject area is not limited to what is today understood by natural history; Pliny himself defines his scope as "the natural world, or life". It is encyclopedic in scope, but its structure is not like that of a modern encyclopedia. It is the only work by Pliny to have survived, and the last that he published. He published the first 10 books in AD 77, but had not made a final revision of the remainder at the time of his death during the AD 79 eruption of Vesuvius. The rest was published posthumously by Pliny's nephew, Pliny the Younger.
Eirene or Irene was an ancient Greek artist described by Pliny the Elder in the 1st century. She was the daughter of a painter, and created an image of a girl that was housed at Eleusis.
Apelles of Kos was a renowned painter of ancient Greece. Pliny the Elder, to whom much of modern scholars' knowledge of this artist is owed, rated him superior to preceding and subsequent artists. He dated Apelles to the 112th Olympiad, possibly because he had produced a portrait of Alexander the Great.
Nicomachus of Thebes was an ancient Greek painter, a native of Thebes, and a contemporary of the great painters of the Classical period. He trained under his father Aristides, also a painter.
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Aegineta was an ancient Greek modeller mentioned by Pliny the Elder. Some scholars supposed that the word Aeginetae in the passage of Pliny denoted merely the country—Aegina—of some artist, whose real name was not given. The consensus of scholarly opinion is now against this hypothesis, however, and it is generally believed that "Aegineta" was the man's given name.
Timarete, was an ancient Greek painter.
Iaia of Cyzicus, sometimes (incorrectly) called Lala or Lalla, or rendered as Laia or Maia, was a Greek painter born in Cyzicus, Roman Empire, and relatively exceptional for being a woman artist and painting women's portraits. She was alive during the time of Marcus Terentius Varro. In De Mulieribus Claris, his book of women's biographies, Boccaccio refers to her as "Marcia", possibly confusing her with the Vestal Virgin of that name. According to Pliny the Elder: "No one had a quicker hand than she in painting".
Venus Anadyomene is one of the iconic representations of the goddess Venus (Aphrodite), made famous in a much-admired painting by Apelles, now lost, but described in Pliny's Natural History, with the anecdote that the great Apelles employed Campaspe, a mistress of Alexander the Great, for his model. According to Athenaeus, the idea of Aphrodite rising from the sea was inspired by the courtesan Phryne, who, during the time of the festivals of the Eleusinia and Poseidonia, often swam nude in the sea. A scallop shell, often found in Venus Anadyomenes, is a symbol of the female vulva.
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It is well to add an account of the artists who won fame with the brush in painting smaller pictures. Amongst them was Peiraikos. In mastery of his art but few take rank above him, yet by his choice of a path he has perhaps marred his own success, for he followed a humble line, winning however the highest glory that it had to bring. He painted barbers' shops, cobblers' stalls, asses, eatables and similar subjects, earning for himself the name of rhyparographos [painter of dirt/low things]. In these subjects he could give consummate pleasure, selling them for more than other artists received for their large pictures.
Mnasitheus or Mnesitheus of Sicyon was an ancient Greek painter of some fame mentioned by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History.
Aristarete or Aristareta was an ancient Greek painter. Little is known about her, including where and when she lived.
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References
- ↑ Robertson, Martin (1975). A history of Greek art. London: Cambridge University Press. p. 712. ISBN 0-521-20277-9.
- ↑ Baddeley, Oriana; Pollock, Griselda; Weidner, Marsha (2003). Gandert, Sonja (ed.). "Women and art history". Grove Art Online. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t092072. ISBN 978-1-884446-05-4 . Retrieved 2022-03-06.
- ↑ Pliny the Elder. "Book XXXV". Naturalis Historia.
- ↑ Pliny the Elder. . (in Latin) – via Wikisource.
- ↑ Linderski, J. (2003). "The Paintress Calypso and Other Painters in Pliny". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 145: 83–96. JSTOR 20191706.
- ↑ Corbeill, Anthony (2017). "A New Painting of Calypso in Pliny the Elder" (PDF). European Network on Gender Studies in Antiquity. 17: 184–198.
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