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Artillery is a class of heavy military ranged weapons that launch munitions far beyond the range and power of infantry firearms. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach defensive walls and fortifications during sieges, and led to heavy, fairly immobile siege engines. As technology improved, lighter, more mobile field artillery cannons developed for battlefield use. This development continues today; modern self-propelled artillery vehicles are highly mobile weapons of great versatility generally providing the largest share of an army's total firepower.
A mass driver or electromagnetic catapult is a proposed method of non-rocket spacelaunch which would use a linear motor to accelerate and catapult payloads up to high speeds. Existing and contemplated mass drivers use coils of wire energized by electricity to make electromagnets, though a rotary mass driver has also been proposed. Sequential firing of a row of electromagnets accelerates the payload along a path. After leaving the path, the payload continues to move due to momentum.
A bullet is a kinetic projectile, a component of firearm ammunition that is shot from a gun barrel. Bullets are made of a variety of materials, such as copper, lead, steel, polymer, rubber and even wax. Bullets are made in various shapes and constructions, including specialized functions such as hunting, target shooting, training and combat. Bullets are often tapered, making them more aerodynamic. Bullet sizes are expressed by their weights and diameters in both imperial and metric measurement systems. For example: 55 grain .223 caliber bullets are of the same weight and caliber as 3.56 gram 5.56mm caliber bullets. Bullets do not normally contain explosives but strike or damage the intended target by transferring kinetic energy upon impact and penetration. Bullets shot by firearms can be used for target practice or hunting.
In guns, particularly firearms, caliber is the specified nominal internal diameter of the gun barrel bore – regardless of how or where the bore is measured and whether the finished bore matches that specification. It is measured in inches or in millimeters. In the United States it is expressed in hundredths of an inch; in the United Kingdom in thousandths; and elsewhere in millimeters. For example, a "45 caliber" firearm has a barrel diameter of roughly 0.45 inches (11 mm). Barrel diameters can also be expressed using metric dimensions. For example, a "9 mm pistol" has a barrel diameter of about 9 millimeters. Since metric and US customary units do not convert evenly at this scale, metric conversions of caliber measured in decimal inches are typically approximations of the precise specifications in non-metric units, and vice versa.
A railgun or rail gun is a linear motor device, typically designed as a weapon, that uses electromagnetic force to launch high velocity projectiles. The projectile normally does not contain explosives, instead relying on the projectile's high speed, mass, and kinetic energy to inflict damage. The railgun uses a pair of parallel conductors (rails), along which a sliding armature is accelerated by the electromagnetic effects of a current that flows down one rail, into the armature and then back along the other rail. It is based on principles similar to those of the homopolar motor.
A compensated pulsed alternator, also known by the portmanteau compulsator, is a form of power supply.
A coilgun, also known as a Gauss rifle, is a type of mass driver consisting of one or more coils used as electromagnets in the configuration of a linear motor that accelerate a ferromagnetic or conducting projectile to high velocity. In almost all coilgun configurations, the coils and the gun barrel are arranged on a common axis. A coilgun is not a rifle as the barrel is smoothbore. The name "Gauss" is in reference to Carl Friedrich Gauss, who formulated mathematical descriptions of the magnetic effect used by magnetic accelerator cannons.
Muzzle velocity is the speed of a projectile with respect to the muzzle at the moment it leaves the end of a gun's barrel. Firearm muzzle velocities range from approximately 120 m/s (390 ft/s) to 370 m/s (1,200 ft/s) in black powder muskets, to more than 1,200 m/s (3,900 ft/s) in modern rifles with high-velocity cartridges such as the .220 Swift and .204 Ruger, all the way to 1,700 m/s (5,600 ft/s) for tank guns firing kinetic energy penetrator ammunition. To simulate orbital debris impacts on spacecraft, NASA launches projectiles through light-gas guns at speeds up to 8,500 m/s (28,000 ft/s).
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A magnetic weapon is one that uses magnetic fields to accelerate or stop projectiles, or to focus charged particle beams. There are many hypothesised magnetic weapons, such as the railgun and coilgun which accelerate a magnetic mass to a high velocity, or ion cannons and plasma cannons which focus and direct charged particles using magnetic fields.
Magnetic gun may refer to:
A proof test is a form of stress test to demonstrate the fitness of a load-bearing structure. An individual proof test may apply only to the unit tested, or to its design in general for mass-produced items. Such a structure is often subjected to loads above that expected in actual use, demonstrating safety and design margin. Proof testing is nominally a nondestructive test, particularly if both design margins and test levels are well-chosen. However, unit failures are by definition considered to have been destroyed for their originally-intended use and load levels.
25 mm automatic air defense gun M1940 (72-K) was a Soviet 25 mm caliber anti-aircraft gun used during the Great Patriotic War. The gun was developed from the end of 1939 to the beginning of 1940 at 8th Kalinin Artillery Plant under the guidance of its Chief Designer Mikhail Loginov, supervised by Lev Loktev. The cannon was given the factory code 72-K before being accepted into service by the Red Army as the 25 mm automatic air defense gun M1940.
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The Electro-Magnetic Laboratory Rail Gun is a 32-megajoule electro-magnetic laboratory rail gun being evaluated by the US Office of Naval Research (ONR) Naval Air Warfare and Weapons Department. The US Navy is pursuing development of the launcher system through two industry teams -- General Atomics and BAE Systems - to reduce risk in the program and to foster innovation in next-generation shipboard weapons. The same amount of energy is released by the detonation of 4.8 kg (11 lb) of C4.
An electric generator or electric motor consists of a rotor spinning in a magnetic field. The magnetic field may be produced by permanent magnets or by field coils. In the case of a machine with field coils, a current must flow in the coils to generate the field, otherwise no power is transferred to or from the rotor. The process of generating a magnetic field by means of an electric current is called excitation. Field coils yield the most flexible form of magnetic flux regulation and de-regulation, but at the expense of a flow of electric current. Hybrid topologies exist, which incorporate both permanent magnets and field coils in the same configuration. The flexible excitation of a rotating electrical machine is employed by either brushless excitation techniques or by the injection of current by carbon brushes.
A plasma railgun is a linear accelerator which, like a projectile railgun, uses two long parallel electrodes to accelerate a "sliding short" armature. However, in a plasma railgun, the armature and ejected projectile consists of plasma, or hot, ionized, gas-like particles, instead of a solid slug of material. Scientific plasma railguns are typically operated in vacuum and not at air pressure. They are of value because they produce muzzle velocities of up to several hundreds of kilometers per second. Because of this, these devices have applications in magnetic confinement fusion (MCF), magneto-inertial fusion (MIF), high energy density physics research (HEDP), laboratory astrophysics, and as a plasma propulsion engine for spacecraft.
Sheet explosives are materials formed by combining an explosive with a "rubberizer"—a flexible binding agent. The resulting compound is cast into a flat sheet which is typically pliable and deformable over a wide range of temperature. Typical products are generally shock-insensitive secondary explosives, requiring a blasting cap or other detonator.
The 10-pounder Parrott rifle, Model 1861 was a cast iron muzzle-loading rifled cannon that was adopted by the United States Army in 1861 and often used in field artillery units during the American Civil War. Like other Parrott rifles, the gun breech was reinforced by a distinctive wrought iron reinforcing band. The gun fired a 9.5 lb (4.3 kg) projectile to a distance of 1,850 yd (1,692 m) at an elevation of 5°. The 10-pounder Parrott rifle was capable of firing shell, shrapnel shell, canister shot, or solid shot. Midway through the war, the Federal government discontinued the 2.9 in (74 mm) version in favor of a 3.0 in (76 mm) version. Despite the reinforcing band, the guns occasionally burst without warning, inflicting injury on the gun crews. The Confederate States of America manufactured a number of successful copies of the gun.
The 20-pounder Parrott rifle, Model 1861 was a cast iron muzzle-loading rifled cannon that was adopted by the United States Army in 1861 and employed in field artillery units during the American Civil War. As with other Parrott rifles, the gun breech was reinforced by a distinctive wrought iron reinforcing band. The gun fired a 20 lb (9.1 kg) projectile to a distance of 1,900 yd (1,737 m) at an elevation of 5°. The 20-pounder Parrott rifle could fire shell, shrapnel shell, canister shot, and more rarely solid shot. In spite of the reinforcing band, the 20-pounder earned a dubious reputation for bursting without warning, killing or injuring gunners. The Confederate States of America also manufactured copies of the gun.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Zielinski, Alexander; Werst, Michael (July 1995). Rapid Fire Railgun For The Cannon Caliber Electromagnetic Gun System. 8th Electromagnetic Launch Symposium. Baltimore, Maryland.
- ↑ Fontani, Harry (November 10, 1999). Electric Launch: An Inevitable Technology. 18th International Symposium on Ballistics. San Antonio, Texas. pp. 325–326. ISBN 9781566769013.
- ↑ Tzeng, Jerome; Schmidt, Edward (2004). "Advanced Materials Bring Electromagnetic Gun Technology One Step Closer to the Battlefield". AMPTIAC Quarterly. 8 (4): 79–84. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.383.9304 .
- 1 2 3 4 5 Werst, Michael; Hotz, Thomas; Kitzmiller, Jon; Penney, Chuck; Telander, R.M. (January 1997). "Testing of the Cannon Caliber Rapid Fire Railgun". IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 33 (1): 613–618. Bibcode:1997ITM....33..613W. doi:10.1109/20.560084. hdl: 2152/30557 .
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Zielinski, Alexander; Werst, Michael (January 1997). "Cannon-Caliber Electromagnetic Launcher". IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 33 (1): 630–635. Bibcode:1997ITM....33..630Z. doi:10.1109/20.560087.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Zelinski, Alexander; Weinacht, Paul; Webb, David; Soencksen, Keith (March 1997). An Investigation of the Ballistic Performance for an Electromagnetic Gun-Launched Projectile (Report). The U.S. Army Research Laboratory. ADA326880. Archived from the original on April 25, 2022 – via Defense Technical Information Center.
- 1 2 Price, J.H.; Yun, H.D.; Kajs, J.P.; Kitzmiller, J.R.; Pratap, S.B.; Werst, M.D. (January 1995). "Discarding armature and barrel optimization for a cannon caliber electromagnetic launcher system". IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 31 (1): 225–230. Bibcode:1995ITM....31..225P. doi:10.1109/20.364697. hdl: 2152/30918 .
- ↑ Zielinski, A.E.; Soencksen, K.; Webb, D.W.; Weinacht, P. (January 1997). "Integrated launch package performance in the cannon-caliber launcher". IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 33 (1): 163–168. Bibcode:1997ITM....33..163Z. doi:10.1109/20.559936.
- ↑ Zielinski, A.; Hildenbrand, D. (January 1997). "Observation and simulation of armature contact performance in the cannon-caliber electromagnetic gun". IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 33 (1): 157–162. Bibcode:1997ITM....33..157Z. doi:10.1109/20.559935.
- ↑ Zielinski, A.E.; Weinacht, P. (January 1999). "Effect of railgun electrodynamics on projectile launch dynamics". IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 35 (1): 118–123. Bibcode:1999ITM....35..118Z. doi:10.1109/20.738388.
- ↑ Zielinski, A.E.; Weinacht, P.; Powell, J.D. (January 1999). "Effect of railgun electrodynamics on armature discard". IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 35 (1): 112–117. Bibcode:1999ITM....35..112Z. doi:10.1109/20.738387.