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Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in democracy, separation of powers, civil liberties, and the rule of law. Political scientists have created many typologies describing variations of authoritarian forms of government. Authoritarian regimes may be either autocratic or oligarchic and may be based upon the rule of a party or the military. States that have a blurred boundary between democracy and authoritarianism have some times been characterized as "hybrid democracies", "hybrid regimes" or "competitive authoritarian" states.
Classicide is a concept proposed by sociologist Michael Mann to describe the deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of a social class through persecution and violence. Although it was first used by physician and anti-communist activist Fred Schwarz in 1972, classicide was popularized by Mann as a term that is similar to but distinct from genocide because it means the "intended mass killing of entire social classes." Classicide is considered a form of "premeditated mass killing", which is narrower than genocide, because the target of a classicide is a part of a population which is defined by its social status, and classicide is also considered broader than politicide because the group which is targeted for classicide is killed without any concern for its political activities.
Democratic socialism is a centre-left to left-wing set of political philosophies that supports political democracy and some form of a socially owned economy, with a particular emphasis on economic democracy, workplace democracy, and workers' self-management within a market socialist, decentralised planned, or democratic centrally planned socialist economy. Democratic socialists argue that capitalism is inherently incompatible with the values of freedom, equality, and solidarity and that these ideals can only be achieved through the realisation of a socialist society. Although most democratic socialists seek a gradual transition to socialism, democratic socialism can support revolutionary or reformist politics to establish socialism. Democratic socialism was popularised by socialists who opposed the backsliding towards a one-party state in the Soviet Union and other nations during the 20th century.
Erik Olin Wright was an American analytical Marxist sociologist at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, specializing in social stratification and in egalitarian alternative futures to capitalism. He was known for diverging from classical Marxism in his breakdown of the working class into subgroups of diversely held power and therefore varying degrees of class consciousness. Wright introduced novel concepts to adapt to this change of perspective including deep democracy and interstitial revolution.
Post-Marxism is a perspective in critical social theory which radically reinterprets Marxism, countering its association with economism, historical determinism, anti-humanism, and class reductionism, whilst remaining committed to the construction of socialism. Most notably, Post-Marxists are anti-essentialist, rejecting the primacy of class struggle, and instead focus on building radical democracy. Post-Marxism can be considered a synthesis of post-structuralist frameworks and neo-Marxist analysis, in response to the decline of the New Left after the protests of 1968. In a broader sense, post-Marxism can refer to Marxists or Marxian-adjacent theories which break with the old worker's movements and socialist states entirely, in a similar sense to post-Leftism, and accept that the era of mass revolution premised on the Fordist worker is potentially over.
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References
- ↑ "Carl Boggs – New Politics" . Retrieved 2020-01-25.
- ↑ "Carl Boggs". Guilford Press. Retrieved 2020-01-25.
- ↑ "About". Carl Boggs. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
- ↑ "» Author » Carl Boggs". zcomm.org. 30 November 2019. Retrieved 2020-01-25.
- ↑ Socialist Community School Committee list, Fall 1979
- ↑ "An Evening With VC Alum Carl Boggs". Ventura College Foundation. Retrieved 2020-01-25.
- ↑ "American Political Science Association > MEMBERSHIP > Organized Sections > Organized Section 27: Charles A. McCoy Career Achievement Award". www.apsanet.org. Retrieved 2020-01-25.
- ↑ "Dr. Carl Boggs". National University. Retrieved 2020-01-25.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 https://scholar.google.com/scholar?start=0&q=Carl+Boggs&hl=en&as_sdt=0,33 Google Scholar Author page, Accessed Oct. 24 2021
- ↑ "The crimes of empire : rogue superpower and world domination". WorldCat. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
