Related Research Articles
Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli. The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with,or resembling that associated with,actual or potential tissue damage."
Palliative care is an interdisciplinary medical caregiving approach aimed at optimizing quality of life and mitigating suffering among people with serious,complex,and often terminal illnesses. Within the published literature,many definitions of palliative care exist. The World Health Organization (WHO) describes palliative care as "an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problems associated with life-threatening illness,through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain,illnesses including other problems whether physical,psychosocial,and spiritual". In the past,palliative care was a disease specific approach,but today the WHO takes a broader patient-centered approach that suggests that the principles of palliative care should be applied as early as possible to any chronic and ultimately fatal illness. This shift was important because if a disease-oriented approach is followed,the needs and preferences of the patient are not fully met and aspects of care,such as pain,quality of life,and social support,as well as spiritual and emotional needs,fail to be addressed. Rather,a patient-centered model prioritizes relief of suffering and tailors care to increase the quality of life for terminally ill patients.
Pain management is an aspect of medicine and health care involving relief of pain in various dimensions,from acute and simple to chronic and challenging. Most physicians and other health professionals provide some pain control in the normal course of their practice,and for the more complex instances of pain,they also call on additional help from a specific medical specialty devoted to pain,which is called pain medicine.
Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID),also known as disorders of gut–brain interaction,include a number of separate idiopathic disorders which affect different parts of the gastrointestinal tract and involve visceral hypersensitivity and motility disturbances.
A pain scale measures a patient's pain intensity or other features. Pain scales are a common communication tool in medical contexts,and are used in a variety of medical settings. Pain scales are a necessity to assist with better assessment of pain and patient screening. Pain measurements help determine the severity,type,and duration of the pain,and are used to make an accurate diagnosis,determine a treatment plan,and evaluate the effectiveness of treatment. Pain scales are based on trust,cartoons (behavioral),or imaginary data,and are available for neonates,infants,children,adolescents,adults,seniors,and persons whose communication is impaired. Pain assessments are often regarded as "the 5th vital sign".
Patrick J. McGrath,OC,FRSC FCAHS is a Canadian psychologist noted for his contribution to research on childhood pain.
The visual analogue scale (VAS) is a psychometric response scale that can be used in questionnaires. It is a measurement instrument for subjective characteristics or attitudes that cannot be directly measured. When responding to a VAS item,respondents specify their level of agreement to a statement by indicating a position along a continuous line between two end points.
The Pediatric Attention Disorders Diagnostic Screener (PADDS),created by Dr. Thomas K. Pedigo and Kenneth L. Pedigo,is a suite of computer administered neuropsychological tests of attention and executive functioning. The PADDS is used in the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children between the ages of 6 and 12 years. The PADDS software program represents a multi-dimensional,evidence-based approach to ADHD assessment,consisting of the Computer Administered Diagnostic Interview (CADI),the Swanson,Nolan,and Pelham—IV (SNAP-IV) Parent and Teacher rating scales,and the three computer-administered objective measures of the Target Tests of Executive Functioning (TTEF). It calculates a diagnostic likelihood ratio,where each data source is allowed to contribute to (or detract from) the prediction of the diagnosis,as well as normalized relative standard scores,t-scores,z-scores,and percentile ranks for comparison to the non-clinical reference group.
Pediatric psychology is a multidisciplinary field of both scientific research and clinical practice which attempts to address the psychological aspects of illness,injury,and the promotion of health behaviors in children,adolescents,and families in a pediatric health setting. Psychological issues are addressed in a developmental framework and emphasize the dynamic relationships which exist between children,their families,and the health delivery system as a whole.
Abdominal migraine(AM) is a functional disorder that usually manifests in childhood and adolescence,without a clear pathologic mechanism or biochemical irregularity. Children frequently experience sporadic episodes of excruciating central abdominal pain accompanied by migrainous symptoms like nausea,vomiting,severe headaches,and general pallor. Abdominal migraine can be diagnosed based on clinical criteria and the exclusion of other disorders.
The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) provides clinicians and researchers access to reliable,valid,and flexible measures of health status that assess physical,mental,and social well–being from the patient perspective. PROMIS measures are standardized,allowing for assessment of many patient-reported outcome domains—including pain,fatigue,emotional distress,physical functioning and social role participation—based on common metrics that allow for comparisons across domains,across chronic diseases,and with the general population. Further,PROMIS tools allow for computer adaptive testing,efficiently achieving precise measurement of health status domains with few items. There are PROMIS measures for both adults and children. PROMIS was established in 2004 with funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) as one of the initiatives of the NIH Roadmap for Medical Research.
Pain catastrophizing is the tendency to describe a pain experience in more exaggerated terms than the average person,to ruminate on it more,and/or to feel more helpless about the experience. People who report a large number of such thoughts during a pain experience are more likely to rate the pain as more intense than those who report fewer such thoughts.
Catastrophic thinking has widely been recognized in the development and maintenance of hypochondriasis and anxiety disorders. This broadly accepted understanding has classified catastrophizing as a tendency to misinterpret and exaggerate situations that may be threatening. Pain is an undesirable sensory and emotional experience in response to potential or actual tissue damage. A general consensus of pain catastrophizing involves an exaggerated negative perception to painful stimuli. The components of catastrophizing that are considered primary were long under debate until the development of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) by Michael J. L. Sullivan and Scott R. Bishop of Dalhousie University in 1995. The PCS is a 13 item scale,with each item rated on a 5-point scale:0 to 4. The PCS is broken into three subscales being magnification,rumination,and helplessness. The scale was developed as a self-report measurement tool that provided a valid index of catastrophizing in clinical and non-clinical populations. The results of the initial development and validation studies,performed by Sullivan and Bishop,indicated that the PCS is a reliable and valid measurement tool for catastrophizing,according to Sullivan and Bishop. The high test-retest relationships concluded that individuals may possess enduring beliefs with regards to the threat value of painful stimuli. It was also found that from a clinical perspective,the PCS may be useful in identifying individuals that may be more susceptible to high distress responses from aversive medical procedures such as chemotherapy or surgery.
The Children's Depression Inventory is a psychological assessment that rates the severity of symptoms related to depression or dysthymic disorder in children and adolescents. The CDI is a 27-item scale that is self-rated and symptom-oriented. The assessment is now in its second edition. The 27 items on the assessment are grouped into five major factor areas. Clients rate themselves based on how they feel and think,with each statement being identified with a rating from 0 to 2. The CDI was developed by American clinical psychologist Maria Kovacs,PhD,and was published in 1979. It was developed by using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) of 1967 for adults as a model. The CDI is a widely used and accepted assessment for the severity of depressive symptoms in children and youth,with high reliability. It also has a well-established validity using a variety of different techniques,and good psychometric properties. The CDI is a "Level B test," which means that the test is somewhat complex to administer and score,with the administrator requiring training.
The General Behavior Inventory (GBI) is a 73-question psychological self-report assessment tool designed by Richard Depue and colleagues to identify the presence and severity of manic and depressive moods in adults,as well as to assess for cyclothymia. It is one of the most widely used psychometric tests for measuring the severity of bipolar disorder and the fluctuation of symptoms over time. The GBI is intended to be administered for adult populations;however,it has been adapted into versions that allow for juvenile populations,as well as a short version that allows for it to be used as a screening test.
Childhood chronic pain affects at least 5% of the population under the age of 18,according to conservative epidemiological studies. Rates of pediatric chronic pain have also increased in the past 20 years. While chronic pain conditions vary significantly in severity,they often affect children's mental health,academic performance,activities of daily living,social participation,and general quality of life. The outcomes of childhood chronic pain are affected by a number of factors,including demographic factors,genetics,access to rehabilitation services,and school and family support.
Pain management in children is the assessment and treatment of pain in infants and children.
Robert D. Kerns is an American clinical psychologist,academic and author. He is Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry,Neurology and Psychology at Yale University and Senior Research Scientist of Psychiatry at the Yale School of Medicine. He is also a Program Director of National Institutes of Health,Department of Defense and Department of Veterans Affairs Pain Management Collaboratory Coordinating Center.
Donald L. Patrick is a social scientist,academic,and an author. He is a Professor Emeritus of Health Systems and Population Health at the University of Washington,Director of Seattle Quality of Life Group,and Creator of the Biobehavioral Cancer Prevention and Control Training Program jointly with the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center. He has served as the co-chair of the Cochrane Collaboration's Patient Reported Outcomes Methods Group. His research interests revolve around various aspects of public health which integrate the themes from fields such as psychological intervention,social stratification,public health,and quality of life. Much of his research works have focused on outcomes research on vulnerable populations,health disparities,and end-of-life-care.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Carl L. von Baeyer - ResearchGate".
- 1 2 "Carl L. von Baeyer - Google Scholar".
- ↑ "CPA Fellows". 21 August 2018.
- ↑ von Baeyer, C. (1988). "Part-time Work and Shared Parenting: An Option for Health Professionals". Canadian Family Physician. 34: 1759–1762. PMC 2218943 . PMID 21253076.
- ↑ "History of Pain In Child Health (PICH)".
- ↑ "Childkind".
- ↑ von Baeyer, C. L. (1994). "Reactive effects of measurement of pain". The Clinical Journal of Pain. 10 (1): 18–21. doi:10.1097/00002508-199403000-00004. PMID 8193441.
- ↑ Hicks, C. L.; von Baeyer, C. L.; Spafford, P. A.; Van Korlaar, I.; Goodenough, B. (2001). "The Faces Pain Scale-Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement". Pain. 93 (2): 173–183. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00314-1. PMID 11427329.
- ↑ von Baeyer, Carl L.; Marche, Tammy A.; Rocha, Elizabete M.; Salmon, Karen (June 2004). "Children's memory for pain: overview and implications for practice". The Journal of Pain. 5 (5): 241–249. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2004.05.001. PMID 15219255.
- ↑ "IMMPACT".
- ↑ von Baeyer, C. L.; Spagrud, L. J. (2007). "Systematic review of observational (behavioral) measures of pain for children and adolescents aged 3 to 18 years". Pain. 127 (1–2): 140–150. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2006.08.014. PMID 16996689.
- ↑ von Baeyer, C. L.; Spagrud, L. J.; McCormick, J. C.; Choo, E.; Neville, K.; Connelly, M. A. (2009). "Three new datasets supporting use of the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS-11) for children's self-reports of pain intensity". Pain. 143 (3): 223–227. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2009.03.002. PMID 19359097.
- 1 2 Chronic and Recurrent Pain. MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. 2017. doi: 10.3390/books978-3-03842-417-8 . ISBN 978-3-03842-417-8.
- ↑ Tsze, D. S.; von Baeyer, C. L.; Pahalyants, V.; Dayan, P. S. (2018). "Validity and Reliability of the Verbal Numerical Rating Scale for Children Aged 4 to 17 Years With Acute Pain". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 71 (6): 691–702.e3. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.09.009. PMC 5920794 . PMID 29107409.
- ↑ Tsze, D. S.; Hirschfeld, G.; von Baeyer, C. L.; Suarez, L. E.; Dayan, P. S. (2019). "Changes in Pain Score Associated With Clinically Meaningful Outcomes in Children With Acute Pain". Academic Emergency Medicine. 26 (9): 1002–1013. doi:10.1111/acem.13683. PMC 6626586 . PMID 30636350.
- ↑ Jaaniste, T.; Burgess, A.; Mohanachandran, M.; von Baeyer, C. L.; Champion, G. D. (2021). "Ability of 3- to 5-year-old children to use simplified self-report measures of pain intensity". Journal of Child Health Care. 25 (3): 442–456. doi:10.1177/1367493520951302. PMID 32853050.
- ↑ "Outstanding Pain Mentorship Award".
- ↑ "Hans Christian von Baeyer - Researchgate".