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Difference feminism holds that there are differences between men and women but that no value judgment can be placed upon them and both sexes have equal moral status as persons.
Ecocomposition is a way of looking at literacy using concepts from ecology. It is a postprocess theory of writing instruction that tries to account for factors beyond hierarchically defined goals within social settings;however,it does not dismiss these goals. Rather,it incorporates them within an ecological view that extends the range of factors affecting the writing process beyond the social to include aspects such as "place" and "nature." Its main motto,then,is "Writing Takes Place".
Ellen Meloy was an American nature writer.
Ecocriticism is the study of literature and ecology from an interdisciplinary point of view,where literature scholars analyze texts that illustrate environmental concerns and examine the various ways literature treats the subject of nature. It was first originated by Joseph Meeker as an idea called "literary ecology" in his The Comedy of Survival:Studies in Literary Ecology (1972).
The environmental humanities is an interdisciplinary area of research,drawing on the many environmental sub-disciplines that have emerged in the humanities over the past several decades,in particular environmental literature,environmental philosophy,environmental history,science and technology studies,environmental anthropology,and environmental communication. Environmental humanities employs humanistic questions about meaning,culture,values,ethics,and responsibilities to address pressing environmental problems. The environmental humanities aim to help bridge traditional divides between the sciences and the humanities,as well as between Western,Eastern,and Indigenous ways of relating to the natural world and the place of humans within it. The field also resists the traditional divide between "nature" and "culture," showing how many "environmental" issues have always been entangled in human questions of justice,labor,and politics. Environmental humanities is also a way of synthesizing methods from different fields to create new ways of thinking through environmental problems.
Feminist political ecology is a feminist perspective on political ecology,drawing on theories from Marxism,post-structuralism,feminist geography,ecofeminism and cultural ecology. Feminist political ecology examines the place of intersectional social relations in the political ecological landscape,exploring them as a factor in ecological and political relations. Specific areas in which feminist political ecology is focused are development,landscape,resource use,agrarian reconstruction and rural-urban transformation. Feminist political ecologists suggest gender is a crucial variable –in relation to class,race and other relevant dimensions of political ecological life –in constituting access to,control over,and knowledge of natural resources.
In the early 1960s,an interest in women and their connection with the environment was sparked,largely by a book written by Esther Boserup entitled Woman's Role in Economic Development. Starting in the 1980s,policy makers and governments became more mindful of the connection between the environment and gender issues. Changes began to be made regarding natural resource and environmental management with the specific role of women in mind. According to the World Bank in 1991,"Women play an essential role in the management of natural resources,including soil,water,forests and energy...and often have a profound traditional and contemporary knowledge of the natural world around them". Whereas women were previously neglected or ignored,there was increasing attention paid to the impact of women on the natural environment and,in return,the effects the environment has on the health and well-being of women. The gender-environment relations have valuable ramifications in regard to the understanding of nature between men and women,the management and distribution of resources and responsibilities,and the day-to-day life and well-being of people.
Ariel Salleh is an Australian sociologist who writes on humanity-nature relations,political ecology,social change movements,and ecofeminism.
Greta Gaard is an ecofeminist writer,scholar,activist,and documentary filmmaker. Gaard's academic work in the realms of ecocriticism and ecocomposition is widely cited by scholars in the disciplines of composition and literary criticism. Her theoretical work extending ecofeminist thought into queer theory,queer ecology,vegetarianism,and animal liberation has been influential within women's studies. A cofounder of the Minnesota Green Party,Gaard documented the transition of the U.S. Green movement into the Green Party of the United States in her book,Ecological Politics. She is currently a professor of English at University of Wisconsin-River Falls and a community faculty member in Women's Studies at Metropolitan State University,Twin Cities.
Marti Kheel was a vegan ecofeminist activist scholar credited with founding Feminists for Animal Rights (FAR) in California in 1982. She authored several books in deep ecology and ecofeminism,including Nature Ethics:An Ecofeminist Perspective and several widely cited articles in college courses and related scholarship,such as "The Liberation of Nature:A Circular Affair","From Heroic to Holistic Ethics:The Ecofeminist Challenge",and "From Healing Herbs to Deadly Drugs:Western Medicine's War Against the Natural World". She was a long-time vegan in diet,lifestyle,and philosophical commitments,working out her understanding of its implications in every area of our human relationships with nature and its constituents,and she found a wide audience for those deep reflections. Reportedly,she had pursued a raw vegan diet later in her life. Her pioneering scholarship in ecofeminist ethics is foundational for continuing work in these fields.
Chris Cuomo is the Professor of Philosophy and Women's Studies at the University of Georgia. She is also an affiliate faculty member of the Environmental Ethics Certificate Program,the Institute for African-American Studies,and the Institute for Native American Studies Before moving to the University of Georgia,Cuomo was the Obed J. Wilson Professor of Ethics at the University of Cincinnati.
Ecofeminism is a branch of feminism and political ecology. Ecofeminist thinkers draw on the concept of gender to analyse the relationships between humans and the natural world. The term was coined by the French writer Françoise d'Eaubonne in her book Le Féminisme ou la Mort (1974). Ecofeminist theory asserts a feminist perspective of Green politics that calls for an egalitarian,collaborative society in which there is no one dominant group. Today,there are several branches of ecofeminism,with varying approaches and analyses,including liberal ecofeminism,spiritual/cultural ecofeminism,and social/socialist ecofeminism. Interpretations of ecofeminism and how it might be applied to social thought include ecofeminist art,social justice and political philosophy,religion,contemporary feminism,and poetry.
Ecofeminist art emerged in the 1970s in response to ecofeminist philosophy,that was particularly articulated by writers such as Carolyn Merchant,Val Plumwood,Donna Haraway,Starhawk,Greta Gaard,Karen J. Warren,and Rebecca Solnit. Those writers emphasized the significance of relationships of cultural dominance and ethics expressed as sexism (Haraway),spirituality (Starhawk),speciesism,capitalist values that privilege objectification and the importance of vegetarianism in these contexts (Gaard). The main issues Ecofeminism aims to address revolve around the effects of a "Eurocentric capitalist patriarchal culture built on the domination of nature,and the domination of woman 'as nature'. The writer Luke Martell in the Ecology and Society journal writes that 'women' and 'nature' are both victims of patriarchal abuse and "ideological products of the Enlightenment culture of control." Ecofeminism argues that we must become a part of nature,living with and among it. We must recognize that nature is alive and breathing and work against the passivity surrounding it that is synonymous with the passive roles enforced upon women by patriarchal culture,politics,and capitalism.
Ecofiction is the branch of literature that encompasses nature or environment-oriented works of fiction. While this super genre's roots are seen in classic,pastoral,magical realism,animal metamorphoses,science fiction,and other genres,the term ecofiction did not become popular until the 1960s when various movements created the platform for an explosion of environmental and nature literature,which also inspired ecocriticism. Ecocriticism is the study of literature and the environment from an interdisciplinary point of view,where literature scholars analyze texts that illustrate environmental concerns and examine the various ways literature treats the subject of nature. Environmentalists have claimed that the human relationship with the ecosystem often went unremarked in earlier literature.
Gloria Feman Orenstein is a feminist art critic,pioneer in the field of the women of Surrealism and scholar of ecofeminism in the arts. Orenstein's Reweaving the World is considered a seminal ecofeminist text which has had "a crucial role in the development of U.S. ecofeminism as a political position".
Founded in 1975 Oregon Women's Land Trust is a 501(c)(3) membership organization that holds land for conservation and educational purposes in the U.S. state of Oregon. The trust owns 147 acres of land in Douglas County,referred to as OWL Farm,and the mission states that the Trust "is committed to ecologically sound preservation of land,and provides access to land and land wisdom for women."
Queer ecology is the endeavor to understand nature,biology,and sexuality in the light of queer theory,thus rejecting the presumption that heterosexuality and cisgenderedness constitute any objective standard. It draws from science studies,ecofeminism,environmental justice,and queer geography. These perspectives break apart various "dualisms" that exist within human understandings of nature and culture.
The Goose is a biannual Canadian literary magazine published by Wilfrid Laurier University's Association for Literature,Environment,and Culture in Canada (ALECC). It has an "emphasis on regional specificity and the promotion of Canadian literature,arts,and environments" and "serves as a forum to counter broad cultural assumptions about North America." The editors-in-chief are Rina Garcia Chua,Rachel Webb Jekanowski,and Jessica McDonald.
Ecofeminism generally is based on the understanding that gender as a concept is the basis of the human-environment relationships. Studies suggest that there's a difference between men and women when it comes to how they treat nature,for instance,women are known to be more involved with environmentally friendly behaviors. Socially there's an important claim in the ecofeminism theoretical framework that the patriarchy is linked to discrimination against women and the degradation of the environment. In Canada the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Human Rights and Toxics in 2020 shows that ineffective environmental management and mismanagement of hazardous waste is affecting different age groups,genders,and socioeconomic status in different ways,while three years before that,Canadian Human Rights Commission in 2017 submitted another report,warning the government about how the exposure to environmental hazards is a different experience for minorities in Canada. There have been ecofeminist movements for decades all over Canada such as Mother's Milk Project,protests against Uranium mining in Nova Scotia,and the Clayoquot Sound Peace Camp. Ecofeminism has also appeared as a concept in the media,such as books,publications,movies,and documentaries such as the MaddAddam trilogy by Margaret Atwood and Fury for the Sound:the women at Clayoquot by Shelley Wine. Ecofeminism in the Canadian context has been subject to criticism,especially by the Indigenous communities as they call it cultural appropriation,non-inclusive,and inherent in colonial worldviews and structures.
References
- 1 2 3 Mortimer-Sandilands, Catriona; Erickson, Bruce (2010). Queer ecologies : sex, nature, politics, desire. Mortimer-Sandilands, Catriona., Erickson, Bruce. Bloomington, Ind. ISBN 9780253004741. OCLC 670429594.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - 1 2 Gaard, Greta (2011). "Green, Pink, and Lavender: Banishing Ecophobia through Queer Ecologies, Review of Queer Ecologies: Sex, Nature, Politics, Desire, Catriona Mortimer-Sandilands and Bruce Erickson, eds". Ethics and the Environment. 16 (2): 115–126. doi:10.2979/ethicsenviro.16.2.115. S2CID 141843845.
- 1 2 Disch, Lisa Jane, (editor.); Hawkesworth, M. E., 1952-, (editor.) (2016), The Oxford handbook of feminist theory, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-932858-1
{{citation}}:|author1=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ "Canada Research Chair (CRC) in Sustainability and Culture – Faculty of Environmental Studies". fes.yorku.ca. Retrieved 2018-10-19.
- ↑ norah.cyprien (2016-07-22). "Catriona Sandilands". Fondation Trudeau. Retrieved 2018-10-19.
- 1 2 ASLE WELCOMES NEWLY ELECTED OFFICERS, ASLE NEWS, Association for the Study of Literature and Environment, January 1, 2014. Accessed October 21, 2018
- ↑ About ALECC, Association for Literature, Environment, and Culture in Canada (ALECC). Accessed October 21, 2018
- ↑ Mortimer-Sandilands, Catriona (1999). The good-natured feminist : ecofeminism and the quest for democracy. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 9780816688869. OCLC 614485156.
- ↑ MacGregor, Sherilyn (2006), Beyond mothering earth : ecological citizenship and the politics of care, UBC Press, ISBN 978-0-7748-1201-6
- ↑ Alaimo, Stacy (1 September 2001). "Wild Democracy: The Politics of Ecofeminism Sandilands, Catriona. 1999. The Good-Natured Feminist: Ecofeminism and the Quest for Democracy. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press". Topia. 6: 121–123. doi:10.3138/topia.6.121.
- ↑ Reviews:
- Vahabzadeh, Peyman (2006). "Reviewed Work: This Elusive Land: Women and the Canadian Environment". The Canadian Journal of Sociology . 31 (1): 150–153. doi:10.1353/cjs.2006.0031. JSTOR 20058688. S2CID 144449943.
- Dean, Joanna (2007). "Reviewed Work: This Elusive Land: Women and the Canadian Environment". Environmental History. 12 (4): 1001–1002. doi:10.1093/envhis/12.4.1001. JSTOR 25473175.
- ↑ Gaard, Greta (2011). "Ecofeminism Revisited: Rejecting Essentialism and Re-Placing Species in a Material Feminist Environmentalism". Feminist Formations. 23 (2): 26–53. doi:10.1353/ff.2011.0017. JSTOR 41301655. S2CID 145195744.
- ↑ Sandilands, Catriona (9 July 2018). "I see my garden as a barometer of climate change". The Guardian.
- ↑ "Not Just Pussy Hats on the Climate March: Feminist Encounters with the Anthropocene - Los Angeles Review of Books". Los Angeles Review of Books. Retrieved 2018-10-20.
- ↑ Szabo-Jones, Lisa (2013). "Taking Flight: From Little Grey Birds to The Goose". Greening The Maple. University of Calgary Press. p. 544.
- ↑ Reviews:
- Wismer, Susan (2000). "Reviewed Work: The Good-Natured Feminist: Ecofeminism and the Quest for Democracy by Catriona Sandilands". Canadian Journal of Political Science . 33 (1): 199–201. JSTOR 3232653.
- Clarke, Melissa (2001). "Review". NWSA Journal . 13 (2): 210–213. JSTOR 4316834.
- Stack, Sue (2000). "The Good-Natured Feminist". Environmental Practice. National Association of Environmental Professionals. 2 (4): 323–324. doi:10.1017/S1466046600001885. S2CID 130439153.
