This article needs additional citations for verification .(January 2020) |
An academician is a full member of an artistic, literary, engineering, or scientific academy. In many countries, it is an honorific title used to denote a full member of an academy that has a strong influence on national scientific life.
Accordingly, within systems such as the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the title grants privileges and administrative responsibilities for funding allocation and research priorities.
Historically, the meaning for the title of Academician follows the traditions of the two most successful early scientific societies: either the Royal Society, where it was an honorary recognition by an independent body of peer reviewers and was meant to distinguish a person, while giving relatively little formal power, or the model of the French Academy of Sciences, which was much closer integrated with the government, provided with more state funding as an organization, and where the title of Academician implied in a lot more rights when it came to decision making.
Being an academician in China is a top honor and title granted only to the nation's top scientists and engineers. Academicians are elected through either the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering.[ citation needed ]
The British honours "Fellow of the Royal Society" (FRS) or Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences can be considered rough equivalents. Fellowship of the Academy of Social Sciences was known as the Award of Academician until July 2014. [1] Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering in the UK are recognized as academicians and members include Nobel Prize winners and the nation's top engineers and scientists. Recently, Nobel Prize winner Frances Arnold was elected to the Royal Academy of Engineering. [2]
In the United States of America, academicians are elected members of the National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineering. Members include many Nobel Prize, Turing Awards, and Fields Medalists.[ citation needed ]
Sweden does not use the Academician concept, but membership in learned societies are noted in the Swedish State Calendar. The Swedish Royal Academies are independent organizations, founded on Royal command, that act to promote the arts, culture, and science in Sweden. The Swedish Academy and Academy of Sciences who are responsible for the selection of Nobel Prize laureates in Literature, Physics, Chemistry, and the Prize in Economic Sciences. [3] [4] Also included in the Royal Academies are scientific societies that were granted Royal Charters. [5] There are a few esteemed Swedish learned societies that has not sought Royal command, including the Society of Sciences in Lund.
Academician may also be a functional title and denote a full member of the National Academy of Sciences in those countries where the academy has a strong influence on national scientific life, particularly countries that were part of, or influenced by, the Soviet Union. In such countries, academician is used as an honorific title (like "Doctor", "Professor", etc.) when addressing or speaking about someone. Countries where the term academician is used in this way include the Russian Federation, China, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Mongolia, North Macedonia, Romania, Turkey, Serbia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, Belorussia, Uzbekistan, and Estonia.
However, since the reforms of late USSR dismantled the de facto monopoly of the state on forming academies, the creation of voluntary academies has been allowed. While some of the newly created academies did improve the relatively rigid structure, the prestige and meaning of the title has been substantially undermined; as the title of "academician" could be awarded by associations of pseudoscientists or organizations that use the title for the sole purpose of gaining money. Therefore, it became customary and almost compulsory to list which academy gave the title to assert its meaningfulness.
In Europe, academicians are elected by Pan-European academies, such as the European Academy of Sciences and Arts and the Academia Europaea.
In Canada, fellowship of the Royal Society of Canada is a comparable honour.
In Finland, "Academician" (Finnish : akateemikko, Swedish : akademiker) is an honorary title and the President of the Republic nominates the Academicians. There can be 12 Finnish Academicians representing science and scholarly pursuits and eight Academicians representing fine arts and literature at the same time. The Academy of Finland is the state funding agency of Finnish science and letters, but it has no organizational connection to Finnish Academicians. The scientists and scholars funded by the Academy of Finland are called Academy Professors (Finnish : akatemiaprofessori, Swedish : akademiprofessor) and Academy Research Fellows (Finnish : akatemiatutkija, Swedish : akademiforskare). In addition to Academy of Finland, Finland has four independent national academies. Finnish academies are less recognized globally due to its lack of international exposure and use of English language.
In Taiwan, elected members of Academia Sinica are considered academicians. [6]
A related option of membership also exists in some countries — a Corresponding Member is a person who is eminent in respect of scientific results but cannot or does not wish to become a full academy member.
One of the reasons for this may be that they live far from the academy and it is inconvenient to often travel to its headquarters. It is, for example, the case when the person is not a resident in the country which the academy belongs to. [7] For communication, such a scientist uses "correspondence". [7]
Another possible reason is that the charter or traditions of the academy do not admit election of a person to a full membership, unless they have been a corresponding member for a certain period and has demonstrated additional achievements within this period. Because of this, in the Russian Academy of Sciences a corresponding membership is a seen as a lower level of membership as compared to the academicians.
Yuan Tseh Lee is a Taiwanese chemist. He is a professor emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley and honorary director of the Nagoya University Institute for Advanced Study along with Ryoji Noyori. He was the first Taiwanese Nobel Prize laureate who, along with the Hungarian-Canadian John C. Polanyi and American Dudley R. Herschbach, won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1986 "for their contributions to the dynamics of chemical elementary processes".
Academia Sinica is the national academy of the Republic of China (Taiwan). It is headquartered in Nangang, Taipei.
A national academy is an organizational body, usually operating with state financial support and approval, that co-ordinates scholarly research activities and standards for academic disciplines, and serve as public policy advisors, research institutes, think tanks, and public administration consultants for governments or on issues of public importance, most frequently in the sciences but also in the humanities. Typically the country's learned societies in individual disciplines will liaise with or be coordinated by the national academy. National academies play an important organisational role in academic exchanges and collaborations between countries.
An academy of sciences is a type of learned society or academy dedicated to sciences that may or may not be state funded. Some state funded academies are national, or royal as a form of honor.
Daniel Chee Tsui is an American physicist. He is currently serving as the Professor of Electrical Engineering, emeritus, at Princeton University. Tsui's areas of research include electrical properties of thin films and microstructures of semiconductors and solid-state physics.
Sir Paul Maxime Nurse is an English geneticist, former President of the Royal Society and Chief Executive and Director of the Francis Crick Institute. He was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Leland Hartwell and Tim Hunt, for their discoveries of protein molecules that control the division of cells in the cell cycle.
National Hsinchu Senior High School is a high school in East District, Hsinchu City, Taiwan. Student enrollment averages around 2200.
The Mexican Academy of Sciences(Academia Mexicana de Ciencias) is a non-profit organization comprising over 1800 distinguished Mexican scientists, attached to various institutions in the country, as well as a number of eminent foreign colleagues, including various Nobel Prize winners. The organization, which encompasses exact and natural sciences as well as the social sciences and humanities, is founded on the belief that education, based on the truth of scientific knowledge, is the only means, in the short and long term, of achieving the development of the Mexican spirit and national sovereignty.
The Academia Europaea is a pan-European Academy of Humanities, Letters, Law, and Sciences. The Academia was founded in 1988 as a functioning Europe-wide Academy that encompasses all fields of scholarly inquiry. It acts as co-ordinator of European interests in national research agencies.
The Research Council of Finland is a governmental funding body for scientific research in Finland. Until August 2023, its official English-language name was Academy of Finland. It is based in Helsinki. Yearly, the council administers over 260 million euros to Finnish research activities. Over 5000 researchers are working on projects supported by the council.
The corresponding member is one of the possible membership types in some organizations, especially in the learned societies and scientific academies.
Roger Yonchien Tsien was an American biochemist. He was a professor of chemistry and biochemistry at the University of California, San Diego, and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2008 for his discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, in collaboration with organic chemist Osamu Shimomura and neurobiologist Martin Chalfie. Tsien was also a pioneer of calcium imaging.
Taipei Municipal Chien Kuo High School, also historically known as Taipei Municipal Jianguo High School, is a public high school for boys located in Zhongzheng District, Taipei, Taiwan. The school was established in 1898 during the early years of Japanese rule and was the first public high school in Taiwanese history. CKHS requires the highest scores on the national senior high school entrance exams. As of July 2021, CKHS's alumni include one Nobel Prize laureate (Physics), the only ethnic Chinese Turing Award laureate, one Cannes Film Festival Best Director award winner, two heads of state, at least five members of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, and numerous scholars and public servants. Its female counterpart is the Taipei First Girls' High School.
Richard Winyu Tsien, is a Chinese-born American electrical engineer and neurobiologist. He is the Druckenmiller Professor of Neuroscience, Chair of the Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, and Director of the NYU Neuroscience Institute at New York University Medical Center, and also an emeritus faculty member of Stanford University School of Medicine.
Arkady Ivanovich Melua is the general director and editor-in-chief of the scientific publishing house, Humanistica.
Leroy L. Chang was a Taiwanese-American experimental physicist and solid state electronics researcher and engineer. Born in China, he studied in Taiwan and then the United States, obtaining his doctorate from Stanford University in 1963. As a research physicist he studied semiconductors for nearly 30 years at IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center, New York. This period included pioneering work on superlattice heterostructures with Nobel Prize-winning physicist Leo Esaki.
Pernilla Wittung-Stafshede is a Swedish biophysical chemist, born in 1968, who is a professor of chemical biology at Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg. In 2019 she was named by International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry as a Distinguished Woman in Chemistry.
The Academy of Sciences Malaysia is a statutory body in the Malaysian government established under an act of Parliament. The Academy, abbreviated as ASM, is the highest scientific advisory body of Malaysia, and is organizationally under the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI).