India,officially the Republic of India,is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area,the second-most populous country,and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south,the Arabian Sea on the southwest,and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast,it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China,Nepal,and Bhutan to the north;and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean,India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives;its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand,Myanmar,and Indonesia. The nation's capital city is New Delhi.
Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi was an Indian politician and a central figure of the Indian National Congress. She was elected as third prime minister of India in 1966 and was also the first and,to date,only female prime minister of India. Gandhi was the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru,the first prime minister of India. She served as prime minister from January 1966 to March 1977 and again from January 1980 until her assassination in October 1984,making her the second longest-serving Indian prime minister after her father.
West Bengal is a state in the eastern region of India along the Bay of Bengal. With over 91 million inhabitants,it is the fourth-most populous state and the thirteenth-largest state by area in India. Covering an area of 88,752 km2 (34,267 sq mi),it is also the eighth-most populous country subdivision of the world. Part of the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent,it borders Bangladesh in the east,and Nepal and Bhutan in the north. It also borders the Indian states of Odisha,Jharkhand,Bihar,Sikkim and Assam.
Hyderabad is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Telangana and the de jure capital of Andhra Pradesh. It occupies 650 km2 (250 sq mi) on the Deccan Plateau along the banks of the Musi River,in the northern part of Southern India. With an average altitude of 542 m (1,778 ft),much of Hyderabad is situated on hilly terrain around artificial lakes,including the Hussain Sagar lake,predating the city's founding,in the north of the city centre. According to the 2011 Census of India,Hyderabad is the fourth-most populous city in India with a population of 6.9 million residents within the city limits,and has a population of 9.7 million residents in the metropolitan region,making it the sixth-most populous metropolitan area in India. With an output of US$74 billion,Hyderabad has the fifth-largest urban economy in India.
The President of India is the head of state of the Republic of India. The president is the nominal head of the executive,the first citizen of the country,as well as the commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces. Droupadi Murmu is the 15th and current president,having taken office from 25 July 2022.
The Indian National Congress (INC),colloquially the Congress Party but often simply the Congress,is a political party in India with widespread roots. Founded in 1885,it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa. From the late 19th century,and especially after 1920,under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi,the Congress became the principal leader of the Indian independence movement. The Congress led India to independence from the United Kingdom,and significantly influenced other anti-colonial nationalist movements in the British Empire. Due to its enduring history,the Congress is often called the "grand old party".
Tiruchirappalli,also called Tiruchi or Trichy,is a major tier II city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the administrative headquarters of Tiruchirappalli district. The city is credited with being the best livable city and the cleanest city of Tamil Nadu,as well as the fifth safest city for women in India. It is the fourth largest city as well as the fourth largest urban agglomeration in the state. Located 322 kilometres (200 mi) south of Chennai and 374 kilometres (232 mi) north of Kanyakumari,Tiruchirappalli sits almost at the geographic centre of Tamil Nadu state. The Cauvery Delta begins 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) west of the city where the Kaveri river splits into two,forming the island of Srirangam which is now incorporated into the Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation. The city occupies an area of 167.23 square kilometres (64.57 sq mi) and had a population of 916,857 in 2011.
Odisha,formerly Orissa,is an Indian state located in Eastern India. It is the 8th largest state by area,and the 11th largest by population. The state has the third largest population of Scheduled Tribes in India. It neighbours the states of West Bengal and Jharkhand to the north,Chhattisgarh to the west,Andhra Pradesh to the south. Odisha has a coastline of 485 kilometres (301 mi) along the Bay of Bengal. The region is also known as Utkala and is mentioned in India's national anthem,"Jana Gana Mana". The language of Odisha is Odia,which is one of the Classical Languages of India. The ancient kingdom of Kalinga,which was invaded by the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka in 261 BCE resulting in the Kalinga War,coincides with the borders of modern-day Odisha. The modern boundaries of Odisha were demarcated by the British Indian government when Orissa Province was established on 1 April 1936,consisting of the Odia-speaking districts of Bihar and Orissa Province. The first of April is celebrated as Utkala Dibasa. Cuttack was made the capital of the region by Anantavarman Chodaganga in c. 1135,after which the city was used as the capital by many rulers,through the British era until 1948. Thereafter,Bhubaneswar became the capital of Odisha. The economy of Odisha is the 16th-largest state economy in India with ₹5.86 trillion (US$73 billion) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹127,383 (US$1,600). Odisha ranks 32nd among Indian states in Human Development Index.
IAST:is a proposal in India to formulate and implement personal laws of citizens which apply on all citizens equally regardless of their religion,gender and sexual orientation. Currently,personal laws of various communities are governed by their religious scriptures. Implementation of a uniform civil code across the nation is one of the contentious promises pursued by India's ruling Bharatiya Janata Party. It is an important issue regarding secularism in Indian politics and continues to remain disputed by India's political left wing,Muslim groups and other conservative religious groups and sects in defence of sharia and religious customs. Personal laws are distinguished from public law and cover marriage,divorce,inheritance,adoption and maintenance. Meanwhile,article 25-28 of the Indian constitution guarantees religious freedom to Indian citizens and allows religious groups to maintain their own affairs,article 44 of the constitution expects the Indian state to apply directive principles and common law for all Indian citizens while formulating national policies.
The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. The document lays down the framework that demarcates fundamental political code,structure,procedures,powers,and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights,directive principles,and the duties of citizens. It is the longest written national constitution in the world.
Khushwant Singh was an Indian author,lawyer,diplomat,journalist and politician. His experience in the 1947 Partition of India inspired him to write Train to Pakistan in 1956,which became his most well-known novel.
Smita Patil was an Indian actress of film,television and theatre. Smita Patil appeared in over 80 Hindi,Bengali,Marathi,Gujarati,Malayalam and Kannada films in a career that spanned just over a decade. During her career,she received two National Film Awards and a Filmfare Award. She was the recipient of the Padma Shri,India's fourth-highest civilian honour in 1985. She made her film debut with Shyam Benegal's Charandas Chor (1975). She became one of the leading actresses of parallel cinema,a New Wave movement in India cinema,though she also appeared in several mainstream movies throughout her career. Her performances were often acclaimed,and her most notable roles include Manthan (1977),Bhumika (1977),Jait Re Jait (1978),Aakrosh (1980),Chakra (1981),Namak Halaal (1982),Bazaar (1982),Umbartha (1982),Shakti (1982),Arth (1982),Ardh Satya (1983),Mandi (1983),Aaj Ki Awaaz (1984),Chidambaram (1985),Mirch Masala (1985),Amrit (1986) and Waaris (1988).
Independence Day is celebrated annually on 15 August as a public holiday in India commemorating the nation's independence from the United Kingdom on 15 August 1947,the day when the provisions of the Indian Independence Act,which transferred legislative sovereignty to the Indian Constituent Assembly,came into effect. India retained King George VI as head of state until its transition to a republic,when the Constitution of India came into effect on 26 January 1950 and replaced the dominion prefix,Dominion of India,with the enactment of the sovereign law Constitution of India. India attained independence following the independence movement noted for largely non-violent resistance and civil disobedience.
Kashmiris are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group speaking the Kashmiri language,living mostly,but not exclusively,in the Kashmir Valley in the Indian subcontinent.
Panchayati Raj is the system of local self-government of villages in rural India as opposed to urban and suburban municipalities.
Sir Chintaman Dwarakanath Deshmukh,CIE,ICS was an Indian civil servant and the first Indian to be appointed the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India in 1943 by the British Raj authorities. He subsequently served as the Finance Minister in the Union Cabinet (1950–1956). It was during this time that he also became a founding member of the Governing Body of NCAER,the National Council of Applied Economic Research in New Delhi,India's first independent economic policy institute established in 1956 at the behest of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. After resignation from Union Cabinet he worked as Chairman of UGC (1956–1961). He served as Vice-Chancellor of University of Delhi (1962–67). He was also President of Indian Statistical Institute from 1945 to 1964,Honorary Chairman of National Book Trust (1957–60). He founded India International Center in 1959 and served as Lifetime President of it. He was also chairman of Indian Institute of Public Administration.
Jagmohan Malhotra,known by the mononym Jagmohan,was an Indian civil servant and politician. After working with the Indian National Congress,he joined the Bharatiya Janata Party in 1995. He served as Lieutenant Governor of Delhi and Goa,as the 5th Governor of Jammu and Kashmir,and for three terms as Member of Parliament for New Delhi. In the cabinet,he served as Union Minister for Urban Development and Tourism.
Gadadhar Saha was an Indian politician belonging to the Communist Party of India (Marxist). He was elected to the Lok Sabha the lower house of Indian Parliament from Birbhum constituency in West Bengal state in 1971,1977,1980 and 1984.
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