Family
Charles de Pechpeyrou-Comminges,chevalier de Guitaut,was the son of Louis de Pechpeyrou-Comminges,seigneur de Guitaut and of Jeanne d'Eygua,daughter of Bertrand d'Eygua,seigneur de Castel-Arnaud. His parents married on 7 September 1625 and had five children:Guillaume;Charles,a soldier who died in the civil wars;a second Charles,the subject of this article;a third Charles;and Bertrand,abbéde Saint-Michel de Pessan. His oldest brother,Guillaume de Pechpeyrou-Comminges,comte de Guitaut(fr) (1626–1685),had a prominent military career during and after the Fronde rebellion.
Career
Guitaut became a knight of the Order of Malta,commander of Palières,governor of Châtillon-sur-Seine and grand-bailli of Auxois(fr). He then served in the navy. He was local governor of Martinique from 1687 to 1689,replacing Jacques de Chambly.
Governor of Saint Christopher (1689–70)
From 1668 to 1688 the French and English colonists on Saint Christopher Island (Saint Kitts) had been at peace. However,when war broke out between the two countries in 1688 the governor general of the Antilles,Charles de Courbon de Blénac,decided that to ensure the safety of the French on the island he must expel the English. He came to Saint Christopher at the start of 1689 with naval troops,local forces from Martinique and Guadeloupe and buccaneers,who joined the local militia. He attacked the English energetically and drove them back to Fort Charles,which he besieged and took,then transported the English to Jamaica,Barbados and other islands.
In July 1689 the king made Guitaut governor of Saint Christopher Island and gave him the position of lieutenant general to the government of the American islands,which had been vacated by the death of Claude de Roux de Saint-Laurent. [lower-alpha 1] On 16 June 1689 Louis XIV made Nicolas de Gabaret,governor of Grenada,the governor of Martinique in place of Guitant.
At the start of 1690 the English attempted to take Saint Martin. Blenac had ordered Guitaut to move the inhabitants to Saint Christopher,but he took several companies of militia and naval troops to Saint Martin,where he defeated the English before returning to Saint Christopher. The English returned with a large fleet carrying strong forces from Europe and the militias of their local islands,and attacked Saint Christopher in August 1690,landing at the Salines point without opposition. Guitaut had to retire to the trenches that protected the petite Saline and those round the town of Basseterre. After the sieur de Guarigue was wounded the defenders became demoralized. He and Guitaut retreated to Fort Charles where they were soon besieged by the English. They were unable to silence the battery of la Souphrière,which overlooked the whole fort. After a month and a half Guitaut was obliged to capitulate and cede the island to the English.
Lieutenant-général au gouvernement (1690–1702)
As lieutenant to the governor general,until his death in 1702 Guitant was acting governor-general four times between the death of the incumbent and arrival of his replacement. Blénac left Martinique on 29 January 1690 and returned to France to defend himself at court. By July the British had reconquered Saint Kitts and Sint Eustatius. Blénac's successor François d'Alesso,Marquis d'Éragny arrived on 5 February 1691 with 14 warships,strengthened the defenses and in May relieved the French defenders of Fort Saint-Charles in Guadeloupe,who had been besieged by the English.
The marquis d'Eragny,died on 18 August 1690. Commandeur Guitaud was interim lieutenant general and commander in chief from 18 August 1691. Charles de Courbon de Blénac was again named lieutenant general on 1 November 1691 and was received in Martinique on 5 February 1692. He died on 10 June 1696. Guitaud was again made interim lieutenant governor on 10 June 1696. Thomas-Claude Renart de Fuchsamberg,marquis d'Amblimont was named governor and lieutenant general on 1 September 1696 and received in Martinique on 14 March 1697. He died of yellow fever in Martinique on 17 August 1700.
Guitaud was made interim lieutenant general for the third time on 17 August 1700. The comte Charles Desnotz (or des Nots,d'Esnots) was named governor and lieutenant general on 1 January 1701 and was received in Martinique on 23 May 1701. He died of yellow fever in Martinique on 6 October 1701 and Guitaud was made interim lieutenant general for the fourth time. On 4 January 1702 Marc-Hyacinthe,marquis de Rosmadec was named to replace Desnotz,but he died on his ship in Havana before taking office. On 1 July 1702 Charles-François de Machault de Bellemont was named governor and lieutenant general. On 4 September 1702 Guitant and the intendant Robert [lower-alpha 2] issued ordinances defining compensation for wounds to whites and slaves in the war that had just started with England. Only those laborers and other whites who had nothing to lose would be compensated. Depending on the merit of their action,a slave could even be given their liberty.
Guitaud died in Martinique on 7 September 1702,two months after the start of hostilities in the War of the Spanish Succession. He was a Knight Commander of the Order of Malta. He was replaced by Nicolas de Gabaret,Governor of Grenada,as interim governor general pending the arrival of Machault. Machault was received in Martinique on 4 March 1703. Gabaret was given Guitaut's position of lieutenant au gouvernement général under Machault.
Charles de Tubières de Pastel de Levoy de Grimoire, marquis de Caylus was a French naval officer who was governor-general of the French Windward Islands from 1745 to 1750. He had dissipated a considerable fortune and was deeply in debt when he took office, and used his power in wartime conditions to establish lucrative illegal arrangements to trade with France's enemies the English and the Dutch. A young nobleman arrived in Martinique in 1748, and for several months used revenues from his family estates on the island to give meals and dances for the elite. After he left it was found that he had been an impostor.
Charles de Courbon, comte de Blénac was a French colonial administration who served as governor general of the French Antilles during the 17th century. He was an experienced soldier and fought for the king during the Fronde before becoming a naval officer in the French Navy. Towards the end of the Franco-Dutch War he led the land forces that captured Tobago from the Dutch before taking command of the French Antilles. During the Nine Years' War he was active in the struggle with the English and Dutch in the Windward Islands. He captured Sint Eustatius and Saint Kitts, and defended Martinique against a large English expedition in 1693.
Gabriel-Jean Nicolas Gabaret de Saint-Sornin was a French colonial official who was governor of Grenada in the French West Indies, and then for over twenty years was governor of Martinique. He was deputy to the governor general of the French Antilles, and was twice acting governor general of the French Antilles. In his last year he was governor of Saint-Domingue
Charles, comte Desnotz was a French naval officer who was governor of Martinique in 1701 at the start of the War of the Spanish Succession. He died of yellow fever a few months after taking office.
Thomas Claude Bernard Renart de Fuschamberg, marquis d'Amblimont was a French naval officer who was governor general of the French Antilles. He is best known for his 1674 defense of Martinique against Dutch forces under Admiral Michiel de Ruyter, where he was captain of a warship that played a critical role in driving the Dutch land forces off their beachhead.
Marc-Hyacinthe de Rosmadec was a French naval officer who was appointed governor general of the French Antilles but died before taking office.
Pierre du Halde was a French soldier who was the second governor of the French colony on Saint Christopher Island between 1636 and 1638.
Charles-François de Machault de Belmont (1640–1709) was a French naval officer who was governor general of the French Antilles from 1703 to 1709. He held office during the War of the Spanish Succession, when the French colony on Saint Kitts was lost to the English and the other islands were under constant threat.
Jean-Baptiste de Gennes, comte d'Oyac was a French naval officer who is known as an early French explorer of the Straits of Magellan. He was the last governor of the French colony of Saint-Christophe on the West Indian island now called Saint Kitts. After he surrendered the island to the English during the War of the Spanish Succession he was tried and found guilty of cowardice. He died before his appeal to this verdict could be heard. He was also an inventor, and among other devices invented a power loom driven by a mill wheel.
Claude de Roux, chevalier de Saint-Laurent was a French soldier, a chevalier of the Knights Hospitaller, who was governor of the colony of Saint Christophe on Saint Christopher Island from 1666 to 1689. He took office in the Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665–67), when the French expelled the English from the island, and left office early in the Nine Years' War (1688–97), when the English expelled the French from the island.
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Georges Robert Cloche de Mont-Saint-Rémy de La Malmaison was a French soldier and colonial administrator who was governor of Guadeloupe from 1705 until his death in 1717. In 1713–15 he was acting governor general of the French Antilles
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Paul-François de La Grange, comte d'Arquien was a French naval officer and colonial administrator. He was interim governor of Saint-Domingue in 1712–1713.
Jean-Pierre de Casamajor de Charritte was a French colonial administrator who was interim governor of Saint-Domingue twice during the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714).
Étienne Cochard de Chastenoye was a French colonial soldier who was interim governor of Saint-Domingue (Haiti) three times in the 18th century.
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