Charol Shakeshaft | |
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Born | 1949 (age 74–75) |
Academic background | |
Alma mater | |
Academic work | |
Discipline | Educational researcher |
Institutions |
Charol Shakeshaft (born 1949) is an educational researcher noted for her studies on sexual abuse of students by school staff. She co-authored a four-year study on sexual abuse at school,which first appeared in March 1995,in the educational journal Phi Delta Kappan. Shakeshaft was chair of the Educational Leadership Department at Virginia Commonwealth University until 2017. [1]
Shakeshaft was commissioned by the Department of Education to review the available literature on sexual misconduct with students by public school employees,and published her findings in 2004. [2]
Shakeshaft earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in English literature from the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. She obtained a Master of Arts in organizational theory and a PhD in educational leadership and social science methods from Texas A&M University. [1]
In 1994,Shakeshaft published a report based on a four-year study of 225 sexual abuse complaints—184 in New York State and 41 in other states—against teachers made to federal authorities from 1990 to 1993. [3] [4] She found that "All of the accused admitted sexual abuse of a student,but none of the abusers was reported to the authorities,and only 1 percent lost their license to teach. Only 35 percent suffered negative consequences of any kind,and 39 percent chose to leave their school district,most with positive recommendations. Some were even given an early retirement package."
In 2004,Shakeshaft published Educator Sexual Misconduct:A Synthesis of Existing Literature for the United States Department of Education. [2] The report indicated that nearly 10% of U.S. public school students,or 4.5 million students,had been the victims of sexual harassment,rape or sexual abuse. The review described the prevalence of educator sexual misconduct,offender characteristics,targets of educator sexual misconduct,and recommendations for prevention of educator sexual misconduct. [2]
According to a 2006 National Review Online opinion column republished by CBS News,Shakeshaft said that
"... the physical sexual abuse of students in [public] schools is likely more than 100 times the abuse by [Catholic] priests." [5]
She estimated that about 290,000 students were victimized between 1991 and 2000. [6] A 2004 editorial column in The Washington Post, noted the Educator Sexual Misconduct report was the first analysis of its kind. She studied nearly 900 documents to complete her analyzed research. Citing the Times-Picayune, however,the Post also noted that Shakeshaft's report had been criticized by two large teacher organizations,for not separating sexual harassment of students and actual molestation,lumping them both together,claiming that makes the problem seem worse than it is. [7] [8] The editor added,
"The fact that this report doesn't make those distinctions doesn't mean it isn't valid;it does mean that more research is needed. In fact,the report itself points out that there has been no nationally financed effort to collect data on sexual misconduct in schools."
A 2002 report in The New York Times quoted Shakeshaft as having written,
"Only 1 percent of the cases did superintendents follow up to ensure that molesting teachers did not continue teaching elsewhere. In 54 percent,superintendents accepted the teachers' resignations or retirements. Of the 121 teachers removed this way,administrators knew for certain that 16 percent resumed teaching in other districts... Moving molesting teachers from school district to school district is a common phenomenon. And in only 1 percent of the cases do superintendents notify the new school district. The term ’passing the trash’is the preferred jargon among educators." [9]
In 2007,a report in The Washington Post noted,"It's a dynamic so common it has its own nicknames:'passing the trash' or the 'mobile molester.'" In addition,"Maine...has a law that keeps offending teachers' cases secret" and that
"in Hawaii,no educators were disciplined by the state in the five years the AP examined,even though some teachers there were serving sentences for various sex crimes during that time. They technically remained teachers,even behind bars." [10]
The report also said,"Laws in several states require that even an allegation of sexual misconduct be reported to the state departments that oversee teacher licenses. But there's no consistent enforcement,so such laws are easy to ignore. School officials fear public embarrassment as much as the perpetrators do,Shakeshaft says. They want to avoid the fallout from going up against a popular teacher. They also don't want to get sued by teachers or victims,and they don't want to face a challenge from a strong union."
A teacher,also called a schoolteacher or formally an educator,is a person who helps students to acquire knowledge,competence,or virtue,via the practice of teaching.
Sexual harassment is a type of harassment involving the use of explicit or implicit sexual overtones,including the unwelcome and inappropriate promises of rewards in exchange for sexual favors. Sexual harassment can be physical and/or a demand or request for sexual favors,making sexually colored remarks,showing pornography,and any other unwelcome physical,verbal,or non-verbal conduct of a sexual nature. Sexual harassment includes a range of actions from verbal transgressions to sexual abuse or assault. Harassment can occur in many different social settings such as the workplace,the home,school,or religious institutions. Harassers or victims can be of any gender.
Sexual misconduct is misconduct of a sexual nature which exists on a spectrum that may include a broad range of sexual behaviors considered unwelcome. This includes conduct considered inappropriate on an individual or societal basis of morality,sexual harassment and/or criminal sexual assault.
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Sexual harassment in education in the United States is an unwelcome behavior of a sexual nature that interferes with an American student's ability to learn,study,work or participate in school activities. It is common in middle and high schools in the United States. Sexual or gender harassment is a form of discrimination under Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. Sexual harassment involves a range of behavior from mild annoyances to unwanted touching and,in extreme cases,rape or other sexual assault.
Safeguarding is a term used in the United Kingdom,Ireland and Australia to denote measures to protect the health,well-being and human rights of individuals,which allow people—especially children,young people and vulnerable adults—to live free from abuse,harm and neglect.
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Child sexual abuse (CSA),also called child molestation,is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent uses a child for sexual stimulation. Forms of child sexual abuse include engaging in sexual activities with a child,indecent exposure,child grooming,and child sexual exploitation,such as using a child to produce child pornography.
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Sexual bullying is a form of bullying or harassment in connection with a person's sex,body,sexual orientation or with sexual activity. It can be physical,verbal or emotional in nature,and occurs in various settings,including schools,workplaces,and online platforms. Sexual bullying can have serious and lasting effects on the mental and emotional well-being of victims.
Sexual harassment in education is an unwelcome behavior of a sexual nature that interferes with a student's ability to learn,study,work or participate in school activities. Sexual harassment encompasses a range of behavior from mild annoyances to sexual assault and rape. As committed by teachers,it is often framed as "sex for grades" and has attracted media attention throughout the world,partly in connection with the #MeToo movement.
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