The Chicago Seven was a first-generation postmodern group of architects in Chicago. The original Seven were Stanley Tigerman, Larry Booth, Stuart Cohen, Ben Weese, James Ingo Freed, Tom Beeby and James L. Nagle.
Rebelling against the oppressive institutionalized predominance of the doctrine of modernism, as represented by the followers of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, the Chicago Seven architects were looking for new forms, a semantic content and historical references in their buildings. Nagle commented on the state of affairs that prompted the intervention of the Chicago Seven: "It wasn't Mies that got boring. It was the copiers that got boring,... You got off an airplane in the 1970s, and you didn't know where you were." [1]
The Seven brought their ideas to a broader audience through their teaching, exhibitions and symposia. At least three (Tigerman, Booth and Beeby) taught at the University of Illinois Chicago in the early 1980s.
The nucleus of the group formed in protest against the travelling exhibition One Hundred Years of Architecture in Chicago about to be shown in 1976 at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago. The organizers put such an exclusive emphasis on the role played by Mies, his predecessors and followers, that it distorted the historical reality. This aroused the criticism of Tigerman, Cohen, Booth and Weese who simultaneously mounted a counter-show in the Time-Life Building which attracted nationwide attention.
Quickly dubbed the Chicago Four, with the addition of Freed, Beeby and Nagle, they soon expanded into the Chicago Seven. They embraced this name as it paid homage to the anti-Vietnam war protesters known as the Chicago Seven who stood trial in the city from September 1969 until February 1970. [2]
The name stuck even after they were joined by Helmut Jahn for the 1978 project "the exquisite corpse" which produced variations on the Chicago townhouse to "demonstrate the harmonious variety of a cityscape allowed to develop through minimally controlled 'accident'." [3] These townhouses were characterised by their abandoning the modernist rules, the modification of the structural grid, the introduction of barrel vaults and historical references. As Nagle put it, "a lot of it really had to do with history... The appreciation of history made us all much better architects." [4] Beeby's townhouse was strongly influenced by Palladio and the facade even sported a Serliana. [5]
The group was further enlarged by the inclusion of Gerald Horn, Kenneth Schroeder and Cynthia Weese. [1] However, the members were a heterogeneous bunch and, according to Beeby, "didn't agree on anything". [1] Yet, "despite the reliance on form, sometimes ironic and sometimes nostalgic, this was the first broadly conceptualized alternative to Chicago's modernist architectural canon." [6]
In 2005, the Chicago Architectural Club organized a reunion of the Chicago Seven at Chicago's Museum of Contemporary Art, Celebrating 25 Years of the Chicago Seven, to discuss the contemporary state of Chicago architecture. Tigerman did not attend.
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was a German-American architect, academic, and interior designer. He was commonly referred to as Mies, his surname. He is regarded as one of the pioneers of modern architecture.
The International Style is a major architectural style and movement that began in western Europe in the 1920s and dominated modern architecture until the 1970s. It is defined by strict adherence to functional and utilitarian designs and construction methods, typically expressed through minimalism. The style is characterized by modular and rectilinear forms, flat surfaces devoid of ornamentation and decoration, open and airy interiors that blend with the exterior, and the use of glass, steel, and concrete.
Modern architecture, also called modernist architecture, was an architectural movement and style that was prominent in the 20th century, between the earlier Art Deco and later postmodern movements. Modern architecture was based upon new and innovative technologies of construction ; the principle functionalism ; an embrace of minimalism; and a rejection of ornament.
Alison Margaret Smithson and Peter Denham Smithson were English architects who together formed an architectural partnership, and are often associated with the New Brutalism, especially in architectural and urban theory.
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The Museum of Contemporary Art (MCA) Chicago is a contemporary art museum near Water Tower Place in the Near North Side of Chicago, Illinois, United States. The museum, which was established in 1967, is one of the world's largest contemporary art venues. The museum's collection is composed of thousands of objects of Post-World War II visual art. The museum is run gallery-style, with individually curated exhibitions throughout the year. Each exhibition may be composed of temporary loans, pieces from their permanent collection, or a combination of the two.
Harry Mohr Weese was an American architect who had an important role in 20th century modernism and historic preservation. His brother, Ben Weese, is also a renowned architect.
Stanley Tigerman was an American architect, theorist and designer.
James Ingo Freed was an American architect born in Essen, Germany. After coming to the United States at age nine with his sister Betty, followed later by their parents, he studied at the Illinois Institute of Technology, where he graduated with a degree in architecture.
Benjamin Horace Weese was an American architect hailing from Chicago, and a member of the architects group, the Chicago Seven. Weese was the younger brother of Chicago architect Harry Weese.
Nagle Hartray Architecture is a Chicago architecture firm, founded in 1966. The company's early reputation was grounded in single-family and multi-family housing. Recent and current projects reflect diversification of the former focus, emphasizing educational, spiritual, civic, and media communication programs. Nagle Hartray has received over 75 industry design awards to date. In 2017, the firm merged with Sheehan Partners to form Sheehan Nagle Hartray Architects.
James Lee Nagle was an American architect practicing in Chicago. He was noted for being part of the Chicago Seven that supported a diversity in architectural styles beyond internationalism.
Gary Berkovich, AIA, NCARB is an American and Soviet architect, and the first Soviet architect of 1960s – 1980s immigration wave, who had opened his office in the United States. Author of about 200 projects of residential and public buildings in the USSR and in the USA. He is a winner of the architectural competitions in the Soviet Union and in the United States. He is also an author of books and professional articles.
Thomas H. Beeby is an American architect who was a member of the "Chicago Seven" architects and has been Chairman Emeritus of Hammond, Beeby, Rupert, Ainge Architects (HBRA) for over thirty-nine years.
Eliel Saarinen's Tribune Tower design, also called the Saarinen tower, was an unbuilt design for a skyscraper by Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen. It was submitted in 1922 for the architectural competition organized by the Chicago Tribune for their new headquarters. The winning entry, the neo-Gothic Tribune Tower, was constructed in 1925. Saarinen's entry came in second place but had a significant influence on the design of numerous future buildings.
Cosentini Associates is an engineering firm that provides consulting engineering services for the building industry.
George Joseph Ranalli is an American modernist architect, scholar, curator, and fellow of the American Institute of Architects. He is based in New York City.
Margaret McCurry is an American architect and a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects.
Herb Greene, is an American architect, artist, author and educator. Greene's architecture practice was based in Kentucky, Oklahoma and Texas. His built projects are known for an original interpretation of organic design.
The 227 East Walton Place Apartment Building is a historic apartment building located in the Near North Side community area of Chicago, Illinois in the United States.