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The Apache are several Southern Athabaskan language–speaking peoples of the Southwest,the Southern Plains and Northern Mexico. They are linguistically related to the Navajo. They migrated from the Athabascan homelands in the north into the Southwest between 1000 and 1500 CE.
Lipan Apache are a band of Apache,a Southern Athabaskan Indigenous people,who have lived in the Southwest and Southern Plains for centuries. At the time of European and African contact,they lived in New Mexico,Colorado,Oklahoma,Texas,and northern Mexico. Historically,they were the easternmost band of Apache.
Jicarilla Apache,one of several loosely organized autonomous bands of the Eastern Apache,refers to the members of the Jicarilla Apache Nation currently living in New Mexico and speaking a Southern Athabaskan language. The term jicarilla comes from Mexican Spanish meaning "little basket",referring to the small sealed baskets they used as drinking vessels. To neighboring Apache bands,such as the Mescalero and Lipan,they were known as Kinya-Inde.
The term Navajo Wars covers at least three distinct periods of conflict in the American West:the Navajo against the Spanish;the Navajo against the Mexican government;and the Navajo against the United States. These conflicts ranged from small-scale raiding to large expeditions mounted by governments into territory controlled by the Navajo. The Navajo Wars also encompass the widespread raiding that took place throughout the period;the Navajo raided other tribes and nearby settlements,who in return raided into Navajo territory,creating a cycle of raiding that perpetuated the conflict.
Ute are an Indigenous people of the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau in present-day Utah,western Colorado,and northern New Mexico. Historically,their territory also included parts of Wyoming,eastern Nevada,and Arizona.
El Cuartelejo,or El Quartelejo,is a region in eastern Colorado and western Kansas where Plains Apache cohabited with Puebloans. Subject to religious persecution,Puebloans fled the Spanish Nuevo México territory and cohabitated with the Cuartelejo villagers in the 1600s.
Comanche history –in the 18th and 19th centuries the Comanche became the dominant tribe on the southern Great Plains. The Comanche are often characterized as "Lords of the Plains." They presided over a large area called Comancheria which they shared with allied tribes,the Kiowa,Kiowa-Apache,Wichita,and after 1840 the southern Cheyenne and Arapaho. Comanche power and their substantial wealth depended on horses,trading,and raiding. Adroit diplomacy was also a factor in maintaining their dominance and fending off enemies for more than a century. They subsisted on the bison herds of the Plains which they hunted for food and skins.
The Battle of Cieneguilla was an engagement of the Jicarilla War involving a group of Jicarilla Apaches,possibly their Ute allies,and the American 1st Cavalry Regiment on March 30,1854 near what is now Pilar,New Mexico. The Santa Fe Weekly Gazette reported that the action "was one of the severest battles that ever took place between American troops and Red Indians." It was one of the first significant battles between American and Apache forces and was also part of the Ute Wars,in which Ute warriors attempted to resist Westward expansion in the Four Corners region.
Lafayette Head was the first Lieutenant Governor of Colorado,serving from 1876 to 1879 under Governor John Long Routt.
Tammie Allen is a contemporary Native American potter,enrolled in the Jicarilla Apache Nation.
The Battle of Ojo Caliente Canyon,or simply the Battle of Ojo Caliente was an engagement of the Jicarilla War on April 8,1854. Combatants were Jicarilla Apache warriors,and their Ute allies,against the United States Army. The skirmish was fought as result of the pursuit of the Jicarilla after the Battle of Cieneguilla just over a week earlier.
The Tierra Amarilla Land Grant in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado consists of 594,516 acres (2,405.92 km2) of mountainous land. The government of New Mexico awarded it to Manuel Martinez and his offspring in 1832. The grant was settled by Hispanics in the 1860s and the original inhabitants,the Ute Indians,were induced to leave. Settlers were given small plots,but most of the land in the grant area was designated as common land for the use of all the settlers and their descendants. After its conquest of New Mexico in 1846,the United States government upheld the validity of the grant,but subsequent actions by the U.S. did not protect the right to access common lands by the settlers. Politician and land speculator Thomas Catron,a member of the Santa Fe Ring,acquired nearly all the land by 1883 but later sold it to a development company. Access to the common lands of the grant by the Hispanic settlers and their descendants gradually disappeared as the common land became owned by Anglo ranchers,development companies,and speculators.
The Jicarilla War began in 1849 and was fought between the Jicarilla Apaches and the United States Army in the New Mexico Territory. Ute warriors also played a significant role in the conflict as they were allied with the Jicarillas. The war started when the Apaches and Utes began raiding against settlers on the Santa Fe Trail. Eventually,in 1853,the U.S. Army retaliated which resulted in a series of battles and campaigns that ended in 1854 when a large military expedition managed to quell most of the violence. However,some minor skirmishing continued into 1855.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the prehistoric people of Colorado,which covers the period of when Native Americans lived in Colorado prior to contact with the Domínguez–Escalante expedition in 1776. People's lifestyles included nomadic hunter-gathering,semi-permanent village dwelling,and residing in pueblos.
Fort Massachusetts was a military installation built in the San Luis Valley in Southern Colorado. It was located near the western bank of Ute Creek on the base of Mount Blanca and sat at an elevation of 8,000 feet,approximately 6 miles north of present-day Fort Garland.
The Fort Pueblo massacre was an attack that occurred on December 25,1854,against Fort Pueblo,Colorado,also known as El Pueblo,a settlement on the north side of the Arkansas River,1⁄2 mile west of the mouth of Fountain Creek,above the mouth of the Huerfano. The attack followed the deaths of Chief Chico Velasquez and others who died of smallpox after having been given blanket coats which the Muache believed had been deliberately contaminated. Coalition forces of over 100 Muache Utes and Jicarilla Dindes under the leadership of Chief Tierra Blanco led the attack against Fort Pueblo,killing 15 men,and capturing one woman,and two boys. Later on,the Muache killed the woman south of Pueblo along Salt Creek. Two women and one man survived the joint military operation,and the two boys who were captured eventually returned.
El Pueblo,also called Fort Pueblo,was a trading post and fort near the present-day city of Pueblo in Pueblo County,Colorado. It operated from 1842 until 1854,selling goods,livestock,and produce. It was attacked in 1854,killing up to 19 men and capturing three people. A recreation of the fort is located at the El Pueblo History Museum at the site of the original fort.
Francisco Chacon was a Jicarilla Apache chief,leader in the Jicarilla uprising of 1854. He led the band that defeated the Davidson detachment of the First Regiment of Dragoons in the Battle of Cieneguilla:the Jicarilla,led by Francisco Chacon,their principal chief,and Flechas Rayadas,fought with flintlock rifles and arrows,killing 22 and a wounding another 36 of 60 dragoon soldiers,who then retreated to Ranchos de Taos lighter by 22 horses and most of the troops' supplies.
References
- ↑ Stanley, Francis (1967). The Jicarilla Apaches of New Mexico, 1540-1967. Pampa Print Shop. p. 74.
- 1 2 Racism in America: A Reader. Harvard University Press. August 6, 2020. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-674-25166-3.
- 1 2 Simpson, James Hervey (2003). Navaho Expedition: Journal of a Military Reconnaissance from Santa Fe, New Mexico to the Navaho Country Made in 1849. University of Oklahoma Press. p. xlii. ISBN 978-0-8061-3570-0.
- ↑ Monograph. Colorado Historical Society. 1985. p. 4.
- ↑ Brandon, William (1955). The Men and the Mountain: Frémont's Fourth Expedition. Morrow. p. 272.
- ↑ Quintana, Frances Leon (1991). Pobladores: Hispanic Americans of the Ute Frontier. F.L. Quintana. p. 135.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Flores, Devin; Norton, Holly. "Christmas 1854: The Tragedy that Ended El Pueblo". History Colorado. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
- ↑ Sundberg, Lawrence D. (May 10, 2015). Red Shirt: The Life and Times of Henry Lafayette Dodge. Sunstone Press. p. 319. ISBN 978-1-61139-237-1.
- 1 2 Oliva, Leo E. (1993). Fort Union and the Frontier Army in the Southwest. Division of History, National Park Service. p. 125.
- 1 2 Dunlay, Thomas W. (May 1, 2005). Kit Carson and the Indians. U of Nebraska Press. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-8032-6642-1.
- ↑ Stanley, Francis (1967). The Jicarilla Apaches of New Mexico, 1540-1967. Pampa Print Shop. p. 74.
- 1 2 Blackhawk, Ned (June 30, 2009). Violence over the Land: Indians and Empires in the Early American West. Harvard University Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-674-02099-3.
- ↑ Colorado Magazine. State Historical Society of Colorado, State Museum. 1958. p. 65.
- ↑ Quintana, Frances Leon (1991). Pobladores: Hispanic Americans of the Ute Frontier. F.L. Quintana. p. 135.