Bullion is non-ferrous metal that has been refined to a high standard of elemental purity. The term is ordinarily applied to bulk metal used in the production of coins and especially to precious metals such as gold and silver. It comes from the Anglo-Norman term for a melting-house where metal was refined,and earlier from French bouillon,"boiling". Although precious metal bullion is no longer used to make coins for general circulation,it continues to be held as an investment with a reputation for stability in periods of economic uncertainty. To assess the purity of gold bullion,the centuries-old technique of fire assay is still employed,together with modern spectroscopic instrumentation,to accurately determine its quality.
Sing Tao Holdings Limited was a Bermuda-incorporated company,but headquartered in Hong Kong. The company was listed in The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong. The company was a media and property conglomerate until it was dismantled in 2002. After selling the main media business and subsequent takeover in mid-2002,the legal person of the listed company,along with its property business,was renamed into Shanghai Ming Yuan Holdings.
Sir Denys Tudor Emil Roberts was a British colonial official and judge. Joining the colonial civil service as a Crown Counsel in Nyasaland in 1953,he became Attorney General of Gibraltar in 1960. In 1962,he was posted to Hong Kong as Solicitor-General,and was successively promoted to Attorney-General in 1966,Colonial Secretary/Chief Secretary in 1973 and Chief Justice in 1979. He was the first and only Attorney-General to become both Colonial Secretary in Hong Kong. Never having been a judge before,he was appointed as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in 1979 and was the first and only Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong to receive such appointment.
Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited operates a range of equity,commodity,fixed income and currency markets through its wholly owned subsidiaries The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited (SEHK),Hong Kong Futures Exchange Limited (HKFE) and London Metal Exchange (LME).
Ivana Wong Yuen Chi is a Hong Kong female singer-songwriter who entered the music industry in 2005. In subsequent years,she swept the board of creative singer awards as well as songwriting awards. She was awarded the Singer-Songwriter Awards in Commercial Radio's Ultimate Song Chart Awards Presentation for seven consecutive years,including four times of Singer-Songwriter Gold Awards,for which she was widely acclaimed as “the Queen of Singer Songwriters (唱作皇后)”.
The Securities and Futures Commission (SFC) of Hong Kong is the independent statutory body charged with regulating the securities and futures markets in Hong Kong. The SFC is responsible for fostering an orderly securities and futures markets,to protect investors and to help promote Hong Kong as an international financial centre and a key financial market in China. Even though it is considered to be a branch of the government,it is run independently under the authorisation of the laws relating to Securities and Futures.
China's banking sector had ¥319.7 trillion RMB in assets at the end of 2020. The "big four/five" state-owned commercial banks are the Bank of China,the China Construction Bank,the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China,and the Agricultural Bank of China,all of which are among the largest banks in the world as of 2018. The Bank of Communications is sometimes included. Other notable big and also the largest banks in the world are China Merchants Bank and Ping An Bank.
Jiangxi Copper is the largest copper producer in Mainland China. Its operations include copper mining,milling,smelting and refining to produce copper-related products,including pyrite concentrates,sulfuric acid and electrolytic gold and silver. Its chairman is Mr. Li Yuhuang and its headquarters is at Guixi,Jiangxi,China.
The history of banking in China includes the business of dealing with money and credit transactions in China.
The Mega International Commercial Bank is a bank in Taiwan and a subsidiary of Mega Financial Holding Company. It has 108 branches in Taiwan and 37 overseas units. The bank is the sole domestic US dollar/Euro settlement bank designated by the Bankers Association.
Dah Chong Hong Holdings Limited (DCH) is a Hong Kong-based conglomerate engaged in motor vehicle sales and repair,air cargo equipment distribution,cosmetic,airport ground support equipment maintenance,food,logistics and warehouse services.
The Hang Seng Index (HSI) is a freefloat-adjusted market-capitalization-weighted stock-market index in Hong Kong. It is used to record and monitor daily changes of the largest companies of the Hong Kong stock market and is the main indicator of the overall market performance in Hong Kong. These 66 constituent companies represent about 58% of the capitalisation of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.
Hong Kong Mercantile Exchange was an electronic commodities exchange established in Hong Kong for the trading of commodity futures,options and other financial derivatives. The exchange was originally pitched as a platform to trade oil futures. In fact,it ended up trading mainly silver and gold futures.
Pallion designs,manufactures,and distributes precious metal products and related services. It is the largest precious metal services group in Australasia. Pallion is the result of the merger of the ABC Bullion and Palloys Group of companies founded in 1972 and 1951 respectively. The group maintains its headquarters in Sydney NSW Australia and is a wholly privately owned group of companies with manufacturing facilities and offices in Sydney,Melbourne,Brisbane and Perth in Australia,Hong Kong (SAR) and mainland China.
Emperor Group is a diversified group of companies founded by Albert Yeung in Hong Kong. Albert Yeung's father,Mr Yeung Shing,opened a watch shop named "Shing On Kee Watch Shop" in 1942,setting the business foundation. Six companies within the Group are listed on the Main Board of The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong. These include Emperor International Holdings Limited,which focuses on real estate investment and property development;Emperor Watch and Jewellery Limited,which specializes in the retail of luxury watches and fine jewellery;Emperor Entertainment Hotel Limited,which concentrates on hotel and gaming businesses in Macau;Emperor Capital Group Limited,which provides a wide range of financial services;and Emperor Culture Group Limited,which principally engages in entertainment,media and cultural development business;and Ulferts International Limited,which is engaged in chain retailing of upmarket European furniture.
Sino United Publishing (Holdings) Limited is Hong Kong's largest integrated publishing group,formed in 1988 from the integration of some of the historic publishing agencies. Its business includes publishing,distribution,retail,printing,RFID packaging design,art business,cultural exchanges. It has subsidiaries and affiliated agencies throughout Hong Kong and Macao,mainland China,Singapore,Malaysia,as well as in North America,Europe etc.
Joseph Chan Ho-lim is Under Secretary for Financial Services and the Treasury,and a former member of the Central and Western District Council.
The paper money of the Qing dynasty was periodically used alongside a bimetallic coinage system of copper-alloy cash coins and silver sycees;paper money was used during different periods of Chinese history under the Qing dynasty,having acquired experiences from the prior Song,Jin,Yuan,and Ming dynasties which adopted paper money but where uncontrolled printing led to hyperinflation. During the youngest days of the Qing dynasty paper money was used but this was quickly abolished as the government sought not to repeat history for a fourth time;however,under the reign of the Xianfeng Emperor,due to several large wars and rebellions,the Qing government was forced to issue paper money again.
Akinobu Kuroda(黑田明伸) is professor of East Asian history in the Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia,University of Tokyo. He specialises in the complementarity of monies in East Asia,India,Africa,and Europe.
