Civic intelligence

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Civic intelligence is an "intelligence" that is devoted to addressing public or civic issues. The term has been applied to individuals and, more commonly, to collective bodies, like organizations, institutions, or societies. [1] Civic intelligence can be used in politics by groups of people who are trying to achieve a common goal. [2] Social movements and political engagement in history might have been partly involved with collective thinking and civic intelligence. Education, in its multiple forms, has helped some countries to increase political awareness and engagement by amplifying the civic intelligence of collaborative groups. [3] Increasingly, artificial intelligence and social media, modern innovations of society, are being used by many political entities and societies to tackle problems in politics, the economy, and society at large.

Contents

This image is a good illustration of the collective effort and intelligence that people have in formulating internet right solutions. GISWatch 2011 PDF.pdf
This image is a good illustration of the collective effort and intelligence that people have in formulating internet right solutions.

The concept

Like the term social capital , civic intelligence has been used independently by several people since the beginning of the 20th century. Although there has been little or no direct contact between the various authors, the different meanings associated with the term are generally complementary to each other.

The first usage identified was made in 1902 by Samuel T. Dutton, [4] Superintendent of Teachers College Schools on the occasion of the dedication of the Horace Mann School when it noted that "increasing civic intelligence" is a "true purpose of education in this country." More recently, in 1985, David Matthews, president of the Kettering Foundation, wrote an article entitled Civic Intelligence in which he discussed the decline of civic engagement in the United States.

A still more recent version is Douglas Schuler's "Cultivating Society's Civic Intelligence: Patterns for a New 'World Brain'". [5] In Schuler's version, civic intelligence is applied to groups of people because that is the level where public opinion is formed and decisions are made or at least influenced. It applies to groups, formal or informal, who are working towards civic goals such as environmental amelioration or non-violence among people. This version is related to many other concepts that are currently[ when? ] receiving a great deal of attention including collective intelligence, civic engagement, participatory democracy, emergence, new social movements, collaborative problem-solving, and Web 2.0.

When Schuler developed the Liberating Voices [6] pattern language for communication revolution, he made civic intelligence the first of 136 patterns. [7]

Civic intelligence is similar [1] to John Dewey's "cooperative intelligence" or the "democratic faith" that asserts that "each individual has something to contribute, and the value of each contribution can be assessed only as it entered into the final pooled intelligence constituted by the contributions of all". [8] Civic intelligence is implicitly invoked by the subtitle of Jared Diamond's 2004 book, Collapse: Why Some Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed [9] and to the question posed in Thomas Homer-Dixon's 2000 book Ingenuity Gap: How Can We Solve the Problems of the Future? [10] that suggests civic intelligence will be needed if humankind is to stave off problems related to climate change and other potentially catastrophic occurrences. With these meanings, civic intelligence is less a phenomenon to be studied and more of a dynamic process or tool to be shaped and wielded by individuals or groups. [1] Civic intelligence, according to this logic, can affect how society is built and how groups or individuals can utilize it as a tool for collective thinking or action. Civic intelligence sometimes involves large groups of people, but other times it involves only a few individuals. civic intelligence might be more evidently seen in smaller groups when compared to bigger groups due to more intimate interactions and group dynamics. [2]

Robert Putnam, who is largely responsible for the widespread consideration of "social capital", has written that social innovation often occurs in response to social needs. [11] This resonates with George Basalla's findings related to technological innovation, [12] which simultaneously facilitates and responds to social innovation. The concept of "civic intelligence," an example of social innovation, is a response to a perceived need. The reception that it receives or doesn't receive will be in proportion to its perceived need by others. Thus, social needs serve as causes for social innovation and collective civic intelligence. [12]

Civic intelligence focuses on the role of civil society and the public for several reasons. At a minimum, the public's input is necessary to ratify important decisions made by business or government. Beyond that, however, civil society has originated and provided the leadership for a number of vital social movements. Any inquiry into the nature of civic intelligence is also collaborative and participatory. Civic intelligence is inherently multi-disciplinary and open-ended. Cognitive scientists address some of these issues in the study of "distributed cognition." Social scientists study aspects of it with their work on group dynamics, democratic theory, social systems, and many other subfields. The concept is important in business literature ("organizational learning") and in the study of "epistemic communities" (scientific research communities, notably).

Civic intelligence and politics

Politically, civic intelligence brings people together to form collective thoughts or ideas to solve political problems. Historically, Jane Addams was an activist who reformed Chicago's cities in terms of housing immigrants, hosting lecture events on current issues, building the first public playground, and conducting research on cultural and political elements of communities around her. [2] She is just one example of how civic intelligence can influence society. Historical movements in America such as those related to human rights, the environment, and economic equity have been started by ordinary citizens, not by governments or businesses. [2] To achieve changes in these topics, people of different backgrounds come together to solve both local and global issues. Another example of civic intelligence is how governments in 2015 came together in Paris to formulate a plan to curb greenhouse gas emission and alleviate some effects of global warming. [2]

Group that debated women suffrage in Free Trade Hall, Manchester Debate between Suffrage & Anti-Suffrage Societies held at Free Trade Hall, Manchester.jpg
Group that debated women suffrage in Free Trade Hall, Manchester

Politically, no atlas of civic intelligence exists, yet the quantity and quality of examples worldwide is enormous. While a comprehensive "atlas" is not necessarily a goal, people are currently developing online resources to record at least some small percentage of these efforts. The rise in the number of transnational advocacy networks, [13] the coordinated worldwide demonstrations protesting the invasion of Iraq, [14] and the World Social Forums that provided "free space" for thousands of activists from around the world, [15] all support the idea that civic intelligence is growing. Although smaller in scope, efforts like the work of the Friends of Nature group to create a "Green Map" of Beijing are also notable.

Political engagement of citizens sometimes comes from the collective intelligence of engaging local communities through political education. [2] Tradition examples of political engagement includes voting, discussing issues with neighbors and friends, working for a political campaign, attending rallies, forming political action groups, etc. Today, social and economic scientists such as Jason Corburn and Elinor Ostrom continue to analyze how people come together to achieve collective goals such as sharing natural resources, combating diseases, formulating political action plans, and preserving the natural environment. [16]

From one study, the author suggests that it might be helpful for educational facilities such as colleges or even high schools to educate students on the importance of civic intelligence in politics so that better choices could be made when tackling societal issues through a collective citizen intelligence. [17] Harry C. Boyte, in an article he wrote, argues that schools serve as a sort of "free space" for students to engage in community engagement efforts as describe above. [17] Schools, according to Boyte, empower people to take actions in their communities, thus rallying increasing number of people to learn about politics and form political opinions. He argues that this chain reaction is what then leads to civic intelligence and the collective effort to solve specific problems in local communities. It is shown by one study that citizens who are more informed and more attentive to the world of politics around them are more politically engaged both at the local and national level. [18] One study, aggregating the results of 70 articles about political awareness, finds that political awareness is important in the onset of citizen participation and voicing opinion. [18] In recent years and the modern world, there is a shift in how citizens stay informed and become attentive to the political world. Although traditional political engagement methods are still being used by most individuals, particularly older people, there is a trend shifting towards social media and the internet in terms of political engagement and civic intelligence. [19]

Economics and civic engagement

Civic intelligence is involved in economic policymaking and decision-making around the world. According to one article, community members in Olympia, Washington worked with local administrations and experts on affordable housing improvements in the region. [20] This collaboration utilized the tool of civic intelligence. In addition, the article argues that nonprofit organizations can facilitate local citizen participation in discussions about economic issues such as public housing, wage rates, etc. [20] In Europe, according to RSA's report on Citizens' Economic Council, democratic participation and discussions have positive impacts on economic issues in society such as poverty, housing situations, the wage gap, healthcare, education, food availability, etc. The report emphasizes citizen empowerment, clarity and communication, and building legitimacy around economic development. [21] The RSA's economic council is working towards enforcing more crowdsourced economic ideas and increasing the expertise level of fellows who will advice policymakers on engaging citizens in the economy. The report argues that increasing citizen engagement makes governments more legitimate through increased public confidence, stockholder engagement, and government political commitment. [21] Ideas such as creating citizen juries, citizen reference panels, and the devolution process of policymaking are explored in more depth in the report. Collective civic intelligence is seen as a tool by the RSA to improve economic issues in society. [21]

Globally, civic participation and intelligence interact with the needs of businesses and governments. One study finds that increased local economic concentration is correlated with decreased levels of civic engagement because citizen's voices are covered up by the needs of corporations. [22] In this situation, governments overvalue the needs of big corporations when compared to the needs of groups of individual citizens. This study points out that corporations can negatively impact civic intelligence if citizens are not given enough freedom to voice their opinions regarding economic issues. The study shows that the US has faced civic disengagement in the past three decades due to monopolizations of opinions by corporations. [22] On the other hand, if a government supports local capitalism and civic engagement equally, there might be beneficial socioeconomic outcomes such as more income equality, less poverty, and less unemployment. [23] The article adds that in a period of global development, local forces of civic intelligence and innovation will likely benefit citizen's lives and distinguish one region from another in terms of socioeconomic status. [23] The concept of civic health is introduced by one study as a key component to the wellbeing of local or national economy. According to the article, civic engagement can increase citizens's professional employment skills, foster a sense of trust in communities, and allow a greater amount of community investment from citizens themselves. [24]

Artificial intelligence

This image shows various categories of AI and major tasks Artificial Inteligence.png
This image shows various categories of AI and major tasks

One recent prominent example of civic intelligence in the modern world is the creation and improvements of artificial intelligence. According to one article, AI enables people to propose solutions, communicate with each other more effectively, obtain data for planning, and tackle society issues from across the world. [25] In 2018, at the second annual AI for Good Global summit, industry leaders, policymakers, research scientists, AI enthusiasts all came together to formulate plans and ideas regarding how to use artificial intelligence to solve modern society issues, including political problems in countries of different backgrounds. [25] The summit proposed ideas regarding how AI can benefit safety, health, and city governance. The article mentions that in order for artificial intelligence to achieve effective use in society, researchers, policymakers, community members, and technology companies all need to work together to improve artificial intelligence. With this logic, it takes coordinated civic intelligence to make artificial intelligence work.

There are some shortcomings to artificial intelligence. According to one report, AI is increasingly being used by governments to limit civil freedom of citizens through authoritarian regimes and restrictive regulations. [26] Technology and the use of automated systems are used by powerful governments to dismiss civic intelligence. There is also the concern for losing civic intelligence and human jobs if AI was to replace many sectors of the economy and political landscapes around the world. [27] AI has the dangerous possibility of getting out of control and self-replicate destructive behaviors that might be detrimental to society. [27]

However, according to one article, if world communities work together to form international standards, improve AI regulation policies, and educate people about AI, political and civil freedom might be more easily achieved. [28]

Social media

Recent shifts towards modern technology, social media, and the internet influence how civic intelligence interact with politics in the world. [29] New technologies expand the reach of data and information to more people, and citizens can engage with each other or the government more openly through the internet. [30] Civic intelligence can take a form of increased presence among groups of individuals, and the speed of civic intelligence onset is intensified as well. [29]

The internet and social media play roles in civic intelligence. Social Medias like Facebook, Twitter, and Reddit became popular sites for political discoveries, and many people, especially younger adults, choose to engage with politics online. [19] There are positive effects of social media on civic engagement. According to one article, social media has connected people in unprecedented ways. People now find it easier to form democratic movements, engage with each other and politicians, voice opinions, and take actions virtually. [3] Social media has been incorporated into people's lives, and many people obtain news and other political ideas from online sources. [3]

One study explains that social media increase political participation through more direct forms of democracy and bottom-up approach of solving political, social, or economical issues. [29] The idea is that social media will lead people to participate politically in novel ways other than traditional actions of voting, attending rallies, and supporting candidates in real life. The study argues that this leads to new ways of enacting civic intelligence and political participation. [29] Thus, the study points out that social media is designed to gather civic intelligence at one place, the internet. A third article featuring an Italian case study finds that civic collaboration is important in helping a healthy government function in both local and national communities. [30] The article explains that there seems to be more individualized political actions and efforts when people choose to innovate new ways of political participation. Thus, one group's actions of political engagement might be entirely different than those of another group.

However, social media also has some negative effects on civic intelligence in politics or economics. One study explains that even though social media might have increased direct citizen participation in politics and economics, it might have also opened more room for misinformation and echo chambers. [31] More specifically, trolling, the spread of false political information, stealing of person data, and usage of bots to spread propaganda are all examples of negative consequences of internet and social media. [3] These negative results, along the lines of the article, influence civic intelligence negatively because citizens have trouble discovering the lies from the truths in the political arena. Thus, civic intelligence would either be misleading or vanish altogether if a group is using false sources or misleading information. [3] A second article points out that a filter bubble is created through group isolation as a result of group polarization. [31] False information and deliberate deception of political agendas play a major role in forming filter bubbles of citizens. People are conditioned to believe what they want to believe, so citizens who focus more on one-sided political news might form one's own filter bubble. [31] Next, a research journal found that Twitter increases political knowledge of users while Facebook decrease the political knowledge of users. [19] The journal points out that different social media platforms can affect users differently in terms of political awareness and civic intelligence. Thus, social media might have uncertain political effects on civic intelligence. [19]

Related Research Articles

Social capital is "the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively". It involves the effective functioning of social groups through interpersonal relationships, a shared sense of identity, a shared understanding, shared norms, shared values, trust, cooperation, and reciprocity. Social capital is a measure of the value of resources, both tangible and intangible, and the impact that ideal creators have on the resources involved in each relationship, and on larger groups. Some have described it as a form of capital that produces public goods for a common purpose, although this does not align with how it has been measured.

Empowerment is the degree of autonomy and self-determination in people and in communities. This enables them to represent their interests in a responsible and self-determined way, acting on their own authority. It is the process of becoming stronger and more confident, especially in controlling one's life and claiming one's rights. Empowerment as action refers both to the process of self-empowerment and to professional support of people, which enables them to overcome their sense of powerlessness and lack of influence, and to recognize and use their resources.

Advocacy is an activity by an individual or group that aims to influence decisions within political, economic, and social institutions. Advocacy includes activities and publications to influence public policy, laws and budgets by using facts, their relationships, the media, and messaging to educate government officials and the public. Advocacy can include many activities that a person or organization undertakes, including media campaigns, public speaking, commissioning and publishing research. Lobbying is a form of advocacy where a direct approach is made to legislators on a specific issue or specific piece of legislation. Research has started to address how advocacy groups in the United States and Canada are using social media to facilitate civic engagement and collective action.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Public participation (decision making)</span> Extent to which societies encourage the people to share in organizational decision-making

Citizen participation or public participation in social science refers to different mechanisms for the public to express opinions—and ideally exert influence—regarding political, economic, management or other social decisions. Participatory decision-making can take place along any realm of human social activity, including economic, political, management, cultural or familial.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">E-democracy</span> Use of information and communication technology in political and governance processes

E-democracy, also known as digital democracy or Internet democracy, uses information and communication technology (ICT) in political and governance processes. The term is credited to digital activist Steven Clit. By using 21st-century ICT, e-democracy seeks to enhance democracy, including aspects like civic technology and E-government. Proponents argue that by promoting transparency in decision-making processes, e-democracy can empower all citizens to observe and understand the proceedings. Also, if they possess overlooked data, perspectives, or opinions, they can contribute meaningfully. This contribution extends beyond mere informal disconnected debate; it facilitates citizen engagement in the proposal, development, and actual creation of a country's laws. In this way, e-democracy has the potential to incorporate crowdsourced analysis more directly into the policy-making process.

Alternative media are media sources that differ from established or dominant types of media in terms of their content, production, or distribution. Sometimes the term independent media is used as a synonym, indicating independence from large media corporations, but generally independent media is used to describe a different meaning around freedom of the press and independence from government control. Alternative media does not refer to a specific format and may be inclusive of print, audio, film/video, online/digital and street art, among others. Some examples include the counter-culture zines of the 1960s, ethnic and indigenous media such as the First People's television network in Canada, and more recently online open publishing journalism sites such as Indymedia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Political efficacy</span> Citizens trust in their ability to influence politics

In political science, political efficacy is the citizens' trust in their ability to change the government and belief that they can understand and influence political affairs. It is commonly measured by surveys and is used as an indicator for the broader health of civil society.

Political socialization is the process by which individuals internalize and develop their political values, ideas, attitudes, and perceptions via the agents of socialization. Agents such as family, education, media, and peers influence the most in establishing varying political lenses that frame one's perception of political values, ideas, and attitudes. These perceptions, in turn, shape and define individuals' definitions of who they are and how they should behave in the political and economic institutions in which they live. This learning process shapes perceptions that influence which norms, behaviors, values, opinions, morals, and priorities will ultimately shape their political ideology: it is a "study of the developmental processes by which people of all ages and adolescents acquire political cognition, attitudes, and behaviors." These agents expose individuals Through varying degrees of influence, inducing them into the political culture and their orientations towards political objects. Throughout a lifetime, these experiences influence your political identity and shape your political outlook. 

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Civic engagement</span> Individual or group activity addressing issues of public concern

Civic engagement or civic participation is any individual or group activity addressing issues of public concern. Civic engagement includes communities working together or individuals working alone in both political and non-political actions to protect public values or make a change in a community. The goal of civic engagement is to address public concerns and promote the quality of the community.

Civic journalism is the idea of integrating journalism into the democratic process. The media not only informs the public, but it also works towards engaging citizens and creating public debate. The civic journalism movement is an attempt to abandon the notion that journalists and their audiences are spectators in political and social processes. In its place, the civic journalism movement seeks to treat readers and community members as participants.

Digital literacy is an individual's ability to find, evaluate, and communicate information using typing or digital media platforms. It is a combination of both technical and cognitive abilities in using information and communication technologies to create, evaluate, and share information.

Public participation, also known as citizen participation or patient and public involvement, is the inclusion of the public in the activities of any organization or project. Public participation is similar to but more inclusive than stakeholder engagement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Digital citizen</span> Person using IT to engage in society, politics, and government

The term digital citizen is used with different meanings. According to the definition provided by Karen Mossberger, one of the authors of Digital Citizenship: The Internet, Society, and Participation, digital citizens are "those who use the internet regularly and effectively." In this sense, a digital citizen is a person using information technology (IT) in order to engage in society, politics, and government.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Collective intelligence</span> Group intelligence that emerges from collective efforts

Collective intelligence (CI) is shared or group intelligence (GI) that emerges from the collaboration, collective efforts, and competition of many individuals and appears in consensus decision making. The term appears in sociobiology, political science and in context of mass peer review and crowdsourcing applications. It may involve consensus, social capital and formalisms such as voting systems, social media and other means of quantifying mass activity. Collective IQ is a measure of collective intelligence, although it is often used interchangeably with the term collective intelligence. Collective intelligence has also been attributed to bacteria and animals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Collaborative e-democracy</span> Political concept of an online, participatory policymaking process

Collaborative e-democracy refers to a hybrid democratic model combining elements of direct democracy, representative democracy, and e-democracy. This concept, first introduced at international academic conferences in 2009, offers a pathway for citizens to directly or indirectly engage in policymaking. Steven Brams and Peter Fishburn describe it as an "innovative way to engage citizens in the democratic process," that potentially makes government "more transparent, accountable, and responsive to the needs of the people."

Action civics is a modern and alternative form of civics education in the United States. Action civics is an applied civic education process in which participants learn about government by examining issues in their own community and then select a focus issue for action through a process of debate, research the issue and learn advocacy strategies, develop civic skills such as public speaking, formulate a plan, mobilize, educate, then evaluate, and reflect on their experience. Participants' voices are encouraged, valued and incorporated. Participants learn by doing, with a focus on collective action. Action civics can encompass a number of different actions from community service to electoral engagement and from talking about concerns with public officials to creating peer education campaigns.

Social engagement refers to one's degree of participation in a community or society.

Civic technology, or civic tech, enhances the relationship between the people and government with software for communications, decision-making, service delivery, and political process. It includes information and communications technology supporting government with software built by community-led teams of volunteers, nonprofits, consultants, and private companies as well as embedded tech teams working within government.

Civic technology companies are platforms, products, and services that facilitate civic engagement. Civic technology encompasses any type of technology that enables greater participation in government affairs, or "assists government in delivering citizen services and strengthening ties with the public". The phrase can essentially be used to describe any company that is concerned with improving the quality, access, and efficiency of government services within the political system through technological means. Although similar, Civic Technology is different from Government Technology. Civic technology seeks to connect citizens with each other or with their government. Government Technology primarily seeks to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of governments' internal operations. Although the term can be used differently, Government Technology can also be classified as a subcategory within civic technology due to the indirect benefits citizens gain from government efficiency.

Ethics of quantification is the study of the ethical issues associated to different forms of visible or invisible forms of quantification. These could include algorithms, metrics/indicators, statistical and mathematical modelling, as noted in a review of various aspects of sociology of quantification.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Schuler, Douglas (2007), "Civic Intelligence and the Public Sphere", in Tovey (ed.), Collective Intelligence: Creating a Prosperous World at Peace, Oakton, Virginia: Earth Intelligence Network, ISBN   978-0-9715661-6-3.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Schuler, Douglas. "How civic intelligence can teach what it means to be a citizen". The Conversation. Retrieved 2019-10-05.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Engagement (PACE), Philanthropy for Active Civic (2018-06-22). "Social Media: Driving or Diminishing Civic Engagement?". Medium. Retrieved 2019-10-05.
  4. ↑ "History of Civic Intelligence - civicintelligence". wikis.evergreen.edu. Retrieved 2019-10-29.
  5. ↑ Schuler, Douglas (Summer 2001), "Cultivating Society's Civic Intelligence: Patterns for a New "World Brain" (PDF), Journal of Society, Information and Communication, vol. 4, no. 2
  6. ↑ Schuler, Douglas (2008). Liberating Voices: A Pattern Language for Communication Revolution. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN   978-0-262-69366-0.
  7. ↑ Schuler, Douglas. "Civic Intelligence". Public Sphere Project. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  8. ↑ Dewey, John (April 3, 1937), "The Democratic Form", School and Society.
  9. ↑ Diamond, Jared (2004), Collapse: Why Some Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed, New York: Viking.
  10. ↑ Homer-Dixon, T. (2000), Ingenuity Gap: How Can We Solve the Problems of the Future?, New York: Knopf.
  11. ↑ Putnam, Robert D. (2000), Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, New York: Simon & Schuster.
  12. 1 2 Basalla, G. (1988), The Evolution of Technology, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  13. ↑ Keck, M.; Sikkink, K (1998), Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  14. ↑ Moore, James F. (March 31, 2003), The Second Superpower Rears its Beautiful Head, archived from the original on December 24, 2007, retrieved 2007-12-14.
  15. ↑ Sen, J.; Anand, Anita; Escobar, Arturo; Waterman, Peter, eds. (2004), World Social Forum: Challenging Empires, New Delhi, India: Viveka Foundation.
  16. ↑ Verhulst, Stefaan (2016-09-02). "How civic intelligence can teach what it means to be a citizen". The Living Library. Retrieved 2019-10-29.
  17. 1 2 "SFX by Ex Libris Inc". ucelinks.cdlib.org. Retrieved 2019-10-05.[ permanent dead link ]
  18. 1 2 Gortz, Carl. "The significance of political awareness: a literature review with meta-analysis" (PDF). ecpr.edu. Retrieved 2019-10-05.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Boukes, Mark (2019-01-02). "Social network sites and acquiring current affairs knowledge: The impact of Twitter and Facebook usage on learning about the news". Journal of Information Technology & Politics. 16 (1): 36–51. doi: 10.1080/19331681.2019.1572568 . ISSN   1933-1681.
  20. 1 2 Schuler, Douglas. "How civic intelligence can teach what it means to be a citizen". The Conversation. Retrieved 2019-10-29.
  21. 1 2 3 RSA (2017-12-05). "Citizens, participation and the economy". Medium. Retrieved 2019-10-29.
  22. 1 2 Blanchard, Troy; Matthews, Todd L. (1 June 2006). "The Configuration of Local Economic Power and Civic Participation in the Global Economy". Social Forces. 84 (4): 2241–2257. doi:10.1353/sof.2006.0080.
  23. 1 2 Tolbert, Charles M.; Lyson, Thomas A.; Irwin, Michael D. (1998). "Local Capitalism, Civic Engagement, and Socioeconomic Well-Being". Social Forces. 77 (2): 401–427. doi:10.2307/3005533. ISSN   0037-7732. JSTOR   3005533.
  24. ↑ Levine, Peter (2013). "Civic Health and the Economy: Making the Connection" (PDF). www.ca-ilg.org. Retrieved 2019-10-29.
  25. 1 2 Chen, Kenny (2018-06-06). "We're on the cusp of a civic data surge". Technical.ly. Archived from the original on 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2019-10-05.
  26. ↑ Feldstein, Steven. "We Need to Get Smart About How Governments Use AI". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 2019-11-07.
  27. 1 2 "Benefits & Risks of Artificial Intelligence". Future of Life Institute. 14 November 2015. Retrieved 2019-11-07.
  28. ↑ Campbell, Zach. "How can AI amplify civic freedoms?". OpenGlobalRights. Retrieved 2019-10-05.
  29. 1 2 3 4 Uldam, Julie; Vestergaard, Anne (2015), Uldam, Julie; Vestergaard, Anne (eds.), "Introduction: Social Media and Civic Engagement", Civic Engagement and Social Media: Political Participation Beyond Protest, Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 1–20, doi:10.1057/9781137434166_1, ISBN   9781137434166
  30. 1 2 Bartoletti, Roberta (July–September 2016). "Public Engagement, Local Policies, and Citizens' Participation: An Italian Case Study of Civic Collaboration". Social Media + Society. 2 (3): 205630511666218. doi: 10.1177/2056305116662187 . hdl: 11576/2639036 .
  31. 1 2 3 Hull, Gordon. "Why social media may not be so good for democracy". The Conversation. Retrieved 2019-10-05.


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