Civitas Maxima

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Civitas Maxima is a non-governmental organisation that documents mass crimes, such as crimes against humanity, genocide, and war crimes, and pursues justice on behalf of the victims, [1] particularly in West Africa.

Contents

Concept and operation

Founded in September 2012 by human rights lawyer and activist Alain Werner, Civitas Maxima is an organisation that focuses on the meticulous documentation of mass crimes, and pursue of justice on behalf of the victims. [1]

Since its establishment in 2012, Civitas Maxima, working with its partners ( Global Justice and Research Project in Liberia and Center for Accountability and the Rule of Law in Sierra Leone) has built cases and contributed to the arrest of several individuals suspected of involvement in war crimes and crimes against humanity, collaborating with several different war crimes units, agents and/or prosecutors in Europe and the United States. [2] [3]

Public cases

Martina Johnson

Martina Johnson, a former commander of the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NFPL, group headed by Charles Taylor), was arrested and indicted in 2014 for her implication in mutilations and mass killing committed in Liberia during the First Liberian Civil War. [4] [5]

Alieu Kosiah

In 2014, Alieu Kosiah was arrested for suspected involvement in war crimes committed by the United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy (ULIMO) while fighting the NPFL between 1993 and 1995. In November 2019, the Swiss Federal Criminal Court listed the criminal case against Alieu Kosiah for trial in Bellinzona for April 2020 (14 to 30). [6] [7] [8]

The trial was repeatedly postponed because the COVID-19 pandemic made it impossible for seven Liberian victims who are formal parties to the proceeding called "private plaintiffs" and for witnesses to travel from Liberia for the proceeding. The Swiss Federal Criminal Court said that efforts to arrange for their testimony via video link from Monrovia, Liberia's capital, were unsuccessful. [9]

The Court has decided to only proceed with the preliminary questions and the hearing of the defendant from 3–11 December 2020. The rest of the trial – the hearing of the plaintiffs and the witnesses, and the final pleadings took place from 15 February to 5 March 2021. a maximum possible sentence of 20 years. The Swiss Federal Prosecutor's Office (MPC) requested for Kosiah the maximum sentence of deprivation of liberty – 20 years – and deportation from Switzerland for 15 years, given the "extreme severity" of the crimes he is accused of committing. [10]

A verdict is expected in a few weeks’ time. [11]

Michel Desaedeleer

In 2015, Michel Desaedeleer, an American and Belgian citizen, was arrested indicted for enslavement, and pillage of blood diamonds in Sierra Leone. Desaedeleer's arrest was the first case ever on international crimes connected to suspected participation in the blood diamond trade. No trial ultimately took place as, shortly before it was due to start, Desaedeleer committed suicide in prison in Brussels. [12] [13] [14]

Mohammed Jabbateh

In 2016, Mohammed Jabbateh (aka Jungle Jabbah) was arrested, indicted and charged by the US Attorney's Office for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania with two counts of fraud in immigration documents in violation of the 18 U.S.C. § 1546 and two counts of perjury in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1621. Jabbateh pleaded "not guilty" on all counts. Jabbateh denied his involvement during the First Liberian Civil War when he sought asylum in the late 1990s. Jabbateh was sentenced to 30 years in prison on 19 April. [15] [16] [17]

Agnes Reeves Taylor

In 2017, Agnes Reeves Taylor, ex-wife of Charles Taylor, was arrested by the Metropolitan Police and charged with torture on grounds of her suspected involvement with the NFPL during the First Liberian Civil War. On 6 December 2019, the Central Criminal Court in London decided that Agnes Taylor will not face trial in the UK. "The supreme court refined the interpretation of the law and in light of their judgement, the trial judge granted Agnes Taylor's application to dismiss the case against her. We will give careful consideration to that ruling," a CPS spokesperson commented. [18] [19] [20]

Kunti K

In 2018, responding to an alert from Civitas Maxima, former Liberian warlord Kunti Kamara (aka "Kunti K.") was arrested for his alleged involvement in crimes against humanity committed during the First Liberian Civil War (1989–1996) while acting as a commander for the United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy (ULIMO). [3] He had been in pre-trial detention in Paris, but was released in September 2018 due to a procedural error. Kunti K. was subject to conditions of release, including being prohibited from leaving France. The French and Liberian authorities have continued carrying out investigations on the ground in Liberia. In January 2020, Kunti K. was rearrested by French authorities, after he violated the conditions placed on his release. [21] [3]

Kamara was indicted for crimes against humanity and acts of barbarity, and put on trial in the Paris courts, October 10 – November 2, 2022. [22] He was convicted on all charges, and was sentenced to life in prison, [23] [24] [25] [26] with an additional symbolic award of 1 euro in "moral damages" awarded to the civil parties to the case. [22]

Jucontee Thomas Woewiyu

In 2018, the trial of Jucontee Thomas Woewiyu took place at the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania at the James A. Byrne United States Courthouse. Woewiyu—co-founder, and for several years defense minister of Charles Taylor's National Patriotic Front of Liberia—became one of the few Liberian leaders to be arrested in the United States and charged with multiple counts of immigration fraud and perjury. After a trial in June 2018, featuring testimony from Liberian victims about the NPFL's crimes, he was convicted and found guilty on eleven counts of immigration-related perjury and fraud related to lying about his violent past. The sentencing hearing was scheduled for 15 October 2018 but has been postponed multiple times. [27] [28] [29] Woewiyu was not in custody awaiting sentencing. He died on 12 April 2020 of COVID-19 after a week of treatment at the Bryn Mawr Hospital in Philadelphia, U.S. [30]

Gibril Massaquoi

In 2020, Gibril Massaquoi, a former Revolutionary United Front (RUF) combatant of Sierra Leone, was arrested in Finland for war crimes and crimes against humanity allegedly committed in Liberia during the Second Liberian Civil War. [31] [32] On 1 February 2021 the Massaquoi's trial began, hardly two years after the opening of an investigation into this former Sierra Leonean warlord. [33] The trial is expected to last until May, 2021. [34] In a historic first, the Court is also travelling to Liberia and neighbouring Sierra Leone in mid-February 2021 to hear testimony from up to 80 witnesses and visit sites where the atrocities are alleged to have been carried out under Massaquoi's orders. [35]

Related Research Articles

Universal jurisdiction is a legal principle that allows states or international organizations to claim criminal jurisdiction over an accused person regardless of where the alleged crime was committed, and regardless of the accused's nationality, country of residence, or any other relation to the prosecuting entity. Crimes prosecuted under universal jurisdiction are considered crimes against all, too serious to tolerate jurisdictional arbitrage. The concept of universal jurisdiction is therefore closely linked to the idea that some international norms are erga omnes, or owed to the entire world community, as well as to the concept of jus cogens – that certain international law obligations are binding on all states.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles Taylor (Liberian politician)</span> President of Liberia from 1997 to 2003

Charles McArthur Ghankay Taylor is a Liberian former politician and convicted war criminal who served as the 22nd president of Liberia from 2 August 1997 until his resignation on 11 August 2003 as a result of the Second Liberian Civil War and growing international pressure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Johnny Paul Koroma</span> Military dictator of Sierra Leone from May 1997 to February 1998

Major Johnny Paul Koroma was a Sierra Leonean military officer who was the head of state of Sierra Leone from May 1997 to February 1998.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">First Liberian Civil War</span> 1989–1997 war in West Africa

The First Liberian Civil War was the first of two civil wars within the West African nation of Liberia which lasted between 1989 and 1997. President Samuel Doe's regime of totalitarianism and widespread corruption led to calls for withdrawal of the support of the United States, by the late 1980s. The National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) led by Charles Taylor invaded Liberia from the Ivory Coast to overthrow Doe in December 1989 and gained control over most of the country within a year. Doe was captured and executed by the Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia (INPFL), a splinter faction of the NPFL led by Prince Johnson, in September 1990. The NPFL and INPFL fought each other for control of the capital city, Monrovia and against the Armed Forces of Liberia and pro-Doe United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy. Peace negotiations and foreign involvement led to a ceasefire in 1995 but fighting continued until a peace agreement between the main factions occurred in August 1996. Taylor was elected President of Liberia following the 1997 Liberian general election and entered office in August of the same year.

The United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy (ULIMO) was a pro-government militia that participated in the First Liberian Civil War (1989–1996).

The National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) was a Liberian rebel group that initiated and participated in the First Liberian Civil War from 24 December 1989 – 2 August 1997. The NPFL emerged out of rising ethnic tensions and civil unrest due to the Liberian government that was characterized by totalitarianism, corruption, and favoritism towards ethnic Krahns. The NPFL invaded Liberia through Ivory Coast’s border with Nimba County in Liberia under the direction of Charles Taylor, a former Liberian politician and guerrilla leader who served as the 22nd president of Liberia from 2 August 1997 until his resignation on 11 August 2003.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Special Court for Sierra Leone</span> Judicial body

The Special Court for Sierra Leone, or the "Special Court" (SCSL), also called the Sierra Leone Tribunal, was a judicial body set up by the government of Sierra Leone and the United Nations to "prosecute persons who bear the greatest responsibility for serious violations of international humanitarian law and Sierra Leonean law" committed in Sierra Leone after 30 November 1996 and during the Sierra Leone Civil War. The court's working language was English. The court listed offices in Freetown, The Hague, and New York City.

Ibrahim ("Brima") Bazzy Kamara is a Sierra Leonean former commander of the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC). In 2007, he was convicted of committing war crimes and crimes against humanity in the Sierra Leone Civil War.

Santigie Borbor Kanu was a Sierra Leonean military commander in the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC). He was one of a group of seventeen soldiers in the military of Sierra Leone who successfully staged a coup that ousted president Ahmad Tejan Kabbah in May 1997. In 2007, Kanu was convicted of committing war crimes and crimes against humanity in the Sierra Leone Civil War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1688</span> United Nations resolution adopted in 2006

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1688, adopted unanimously on June 16, 2006, after recalling all previous resolutions on the situation in Liberia, Sierra Leone and West Africa, including resolutions 1470 (2003), 1508 (2003), 1537 (2004) and 1638 (2005), the Council approved the transfer of former Liberian President Charles Taylor to the Special Court for Sierra Leone which was moved to The Hague in the Netherlands, due to security concerns.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tom Woewiyu</span> Liberian politician (1946–2020)

Jucontee Thomas Woewiyu, also known as Tom Woewiyu or Thomas Smith, was the former leader of the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), with Charles Taylor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mohammed Jabbateh</span> War criminal

Mohammed Jabbateh, also known by his nom de guerre Jungle Jabbah, is a Liberian war criminal and former United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy (ULIMO) and ULIMO-K commander who was convicted in the United States of lying to immigration authorities about his role in the First Liberian Civil War (1989-1997) when he sought asylum in the late 1990s. He was arrested in April 2016. On October 18, 2017, Jabbateh was tried and convicted in Philadelphia of two counts of fraud in immigration documents and two counts of perjury stemming from false statements he made when filing for asylum and permanent residence. He was sentenced to 30 years in prison the following April, the statutory maximum allowed. Jabbateh was the first person convicted of crimes stemming from war-related activities during the First Liberian Civil War. He lost his appeal in September 2020.

Alieu Kosiah is a former commander of the United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy (ULIMO) faction, a rebel group that participated in the First Liberian Civil War (1989–1996) which fought against the National Patriotic Front of Liberia, led by Charles Taylor. After the war, Kosiah moved to Switzerland, where he obtained permanent residence.

Alain Werner is a Swiss human rights lawyer, specialized in the defence of victims of armed conflicts, founder and director of Civitas Maxima (CM), an international network of lawyers and investigators based in Geneva that since 2012 represents victims of mass crimes in their attempts to obtain justice.

Hassan Bility is a Liberian journalist, and the founder and Director of the Global Justice and Research Project (GJRP), a non-governmental organization dedicated to the documentation of war time atrocities in Liberia and to assisting victims in their pursuit of justice for these crimes.

Agnes Reeves Taylor, ex-wife of former Liberian President Charles Taylor, was born on 27 September 1965 in Liberia. On 2 June 2017, she was arrested in London by the Metropolitan Police and charged with torture on the grounds of her suspected involvement with the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NFPL) rebel group, which was led by her ex-husband, during the First Liberian Civil War, from 1989 to 1996.

Gibril Massaquoi was a commander and a spokesperson for the notorious Sierra Leone rebel group, the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), which also fought in Liberia. In 2005, he became the top informer for the prosecutor of the Special Court for Sierra Leone. He gave evidence to the UN-backed Special Court for Sierra Leone set up to investigate war crimes committed in that conflict. He was relocated to Finland in 2008 as part of a witness protection programme, which provided immunity for crimes committed in Sierra Leone, but not Liberia.

Events in the year 2012 in Liberia.

Kunti Kamara, a.k.a. Kunti Kumara, Kunti K., Colonel Kamara, CO Kamara or Co Kamara, whose real name may be Awaliho Soumaworo, is a former Liberian rebel militia commander who participated in the First Liberian Civil War as a leader in the United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy (ULIMO).

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References

  1. 1 2 Mendicino, Fedele (2019-09-05). "Un chasseur de tortionnaires primé". TDG (in French). ISSN   1010-2248 . Retrieved 2020-01-16.
  2. ↑ "Invité Afrique – Alain Werner (avocat suisse): "Il y a une réelle volonté de justice au Liberia"". RFI (in French). 2017-12-30. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
  3. 1 2 3 Beeghly, Sean: (Pittsburgh School of Law): "French court sentences former Liberian rebel commander to life imprisonment for crimes against humanity", November 3, 2022, JURIST , University of Pittsburgh, retrieved October 13, 2022
  4. ↑ Mark, Monica; correspondent, west Africa (2014-10-07). "Martina Johnson's Liberian war crimes trial is a milestone in quest for justice | Monica Mark". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2020-01-16.
  5. ↑ "What Does a War Criminal Look Like?". Schaffer&Combs. 2014-10-10. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
  6. ↑ "Plainte contre un ex-milicien libérien classée". TDG (in French). 2019-11-25. ISSN   1010-2248 . Retrieved 2020-01-16.
  7. ↑ "LIBERIA: Swiss Court Sets April 2020 Trial Date for Former ULIMO Commander". FrontPageAfrica. November 2019. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
  8. ↑ Dopoe, Robin (2019-03-28). "Switzerland to Prosecute Ex-ULIMO Commander for War Crimes in Liberia". Liberian Observer. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
  9. ↑ "Q&A: Swiss Trial for Liberia Atrocities: Universal Jurisdiction Paves Path for Justice". Human Rights Watch. 2021-02-12. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
  10. ↑ "Le Ministère public requiert 20 ans de prison pour l'ancien chef rebelle du Liberia". Le Temps (in French). 2021-03-01. ISSN   1423-3967 . Retrieved 2021-03-24.
  11. ↑ "A Bellinzone, l'avocat de l'ancien chef rebelle Alieu Kosiah dénonce de grossiers mensonges". Le Temps (in French). 2021-03-04. ISSN   1423-3967 . Retrieved 2021-03-24.
  12. ↑ "Les diamants de sang : l'ONG Civitas Maxima continue le combat". www.justiceinfo.net (in French). November 2016. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
  13. ↑ Lister, Tim (31 August 2015). "'Blood Diamonds' arrest exposes grim trade". CNN. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
  14. ↑ Badcock, James (2015-08-31). "US-Belgian businessman arrested on Sierra Leone 'blood diamonds' charge in Spain". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN   0307-1235 . Retrieved 2020-01-16.
  15. ↑ "Des victimes de la guerre au Libéria témoignent aux USA dans le procès de "Jungle Jabbah"". www.justiceinfo.net (in French). 4 October 2017. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
  16. ↑ Corey-Boulet, Robbie (2017-11-28). "A US Immigration Case Offers a Rare Day in Court for Victims of Liberian War Crimes". The Nation. ISSN   0027-8378 . Retrieved 2020-01-16.
  17. ↑ correspondent, Jason Burke Africa (2018-04-20). "Ex-Liberian warlord jailed in US for lying about asylum claim". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2020-01-16.
  18. ↑ correspondent, Owen Bowcott Legal affairs (2019-12-06). "Judge dismisses torture charges against Charles Taylor's ex-wife". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2019-12-18.
  19. ↑ Freeman, Colin (2019-12-06). "Britain drops war crimes case against Charles Taylor's former wife". The Telegraph. ISSN   0307-1235 . Retrieved 2020-01-16.
  20. ↑ Peltier, Elian (2019-12-07). "U.K. Halts Torture Case Against Ex-Wife of Liberia's Charles Taylor". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2020-01-16.
  21. ↑ "Ex-Rebel Commander Accused of War Crimes Rearrested in France". FrontPageAfrica. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
  22. 1 2 "Trial Monitoring: Kunti K.", October 10, 2022 through November 2, 2022, Civitas Maxima, retrieved November 25, 2022
  23. ↑ "Kunti Kamara condamne a la reclusion a perpetuite au termed un proces historique," November 3, 2022, Le Monde
  24. ↑ Agence France-Presse: "French court sentences Liberian ex-rebel commander to life in prison," November 2, 2022, France24, retrieved November 3, 2022
  25. ↑ Willsher, Kim: "French court convicts former Liberian rebel commander over atrocities: Kunti Kamara given life sentence for complicity in crimes against humanity", November 2, 2022, The Guardian, retrieved November 4, 2022
  26. ↑ Radio France Internationale: "Liberia: French Court Hands Liberian Rebel Kunti Kamara Life Sentence for War Crimes," November 3, 2022, All Africa, retrieved November 4, 2022
  27. ↑ Hylton, Annie (2019-04-29). "How the U.S. Became a Haven for War Criminals". The New Republic. ISSN   0028-6583 . Retrieved 2019-12-19.
  28. ↑ Hylton, Annie (2019-04-29). "How the U.S. Became a Haven for War Criminals". The New Republic. ISSN   0028-6583 . Retrieved 2020-01-16.
  29. ↑ "Continued Fight for Accountability in Liberia: Another Landmark U.S. Court Decision". Just Security. 2018-07-12. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
  30. ↑ "Liberia: COVID-19 Claims Life of Taylor NPFL's Ex- Defense Minister; Jucontee Thomas Woewiyu". FrontPageAfrica. 2020-04-12. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  31. ↑ "The Massaquoi Affair: Special report on the Judas of Sierra Leone (Part 1)". www.justiceinfo.net. 7 April 2020. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  32. ↑ "The Massaquoi Affair: Special report on the Judas of Sierra Leone (Part 2)". www.justiceinfo.net. 14 April 2020. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  33. ↑ "Universal jurisdiction: the Finnish revolution". JusticeInfo.net. 2021-02-01. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
  34. ↑ Admin, Webmaster. "Frustration Shows on Final Day of Massaquoi Hearing Before Court Moves to Liberia | Liberian Observer" . Retrieved 2021-03-24.
  35. ↑ AfricaNews (2021-02-03). "Liberia war crimes suspect Gibril Massaquoi's trial begins in Finland". Africanews. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
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