Cold Comfort Farm

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Cold Comfort Farm
ColdComfortFarm.jpg
First edition
Author Stella Gibbons
LanguageEnglish
Genre Comic novel
Publisher Longman
Publication date
8 September 1932
Publication placeUnited Kingdom
Media typePrint (hardback)
Pagesxii, 307 pp
ISBN 0-14-144159-3 (current Penguin Classics edition)

Cold Comfort Farm is a comic novel by English author Stella Gibbons, published in 1932. It parodies the romanticised, sometimes doom-laden accounts of rural life popular at the time, by writers such as Mary Webb.

Contents

Plot summary

Following the death of her parents, the book's heroine, Flora Poste, finds she is possessed "of every art and grace save that of earning her own living". She decides to take advantage of the fact that "no limits are set, either by society or one's own conscience, to the amount one may impose on one's relatives", and settles on visiting her distant relatives at the isolated Cold Comfort Farm in the fictional village of Howling in Sussex. The inhabitants of the farm – Aunt Ada Doom, the Starkadders, and their extended family and workers – feel obliged to take her in to atone for an unspecified wrong once done to her father.

As is typical in a certain genre of romantic 19th-century and early 20th-century literature, each of the farm's inhabitants has some long-festering emotional problem caused by ignorance, hatred, or fear, and the farm is badly run. Flora, being a level-headed, urban woman in the dandy tradition, [1] determines that she must apply modern common sense to their problems and help them adapt to the 20th century – bringing metropolitan values into the sticks. [2]

Inspirations

As parody of the "loam and lovechild" genre, Cold Comfort Farm alludes specifically to a number of novels both in the past and contemporarily in vogue when Gibbons was writing. According to Faye Hammill's "Cold Comfort Farm, D. H. Lawrence, and English Literary Culture Between the Wars", the works of Sheila Kaye-Smith and Mary Webb are the chief influence: [3] she considered that the farm is modelled on Dormer House in Webb's The House in Dormer Forest , and Aunt Ada Doom on Mrs. Velindre in the same book. [3] The farm-obsessed Reuben's original is in Kaye-Smith's Sussex Gorse, and the Quivering Brethren on the Colgate Brethren in Kaye-Smith's Susan Spray. [3] Others see John Cowper Powys's rural mysticism as a further target, as featured in his Wessex novel Wolf Solent (1929): "He felt as if he enjoyed at that hour some primitive life-feeling that was identical with what those pollarded elms felt." [4]

The speech of the Sussex characters is a parody of rural dialects (in particular Sussex and West Country accents – another parody of novelists who use phonics to portray various accents and dialects) and is sprinkled with fake but authentic-sounding local vocabulary such as mollocking (Seth's favourite activity, undefined but invariably resulting in the pregnancy of a local maid), sukebind (a weed whose flowering in the Spring symbolises the quickening of sexual urges in man and beast; the word is presumably formed by analogy to 'woodbine' (honeysuckle) and bindweed) and clettering (an impractical method used by Adam for washing dishes, which involves scraping them with a dry twig or clettering stick).

Her portrayal of libidinous Meyerburg, "Mr Mybug", may have been aimed at Hampstead intellectuals (particularly Freudians and admirers of D. H. Lawrence), but has also been seen as antisemitic in its description of his physiognomy and nameplay. [5] [6] [7]

Responses and influence

Sheila Kaye-Smith, often said to be one of the rural writers parodied by Gibbons in Cold Comfort Farm, arguably gets her own back with a tongue-in-cheek reference to Cold Comfort Farm within a subplot of A Valiant Woman (1939), set in a rapidly modernising village. [8] [9] The upper-middle-class teenager Lucia turns from writing charming rural poems to a great Urban Proletarian Novel: "… all about people who aren't married going to bed in a Manchester slum and talking about the Means Test." Her philistine grandmother is dismayed: she prefers "cosy" rural novels, and knows Lucia is ignorant of proletarian life:

That silly child! Did she really think she could write a novel? Well, of course, modern novels might encourage her to think so. There was nothing written nowadays worth reading. The book on her knee was called Cold Comfort Farm and had been written by a young woman who was said to be very clever and had won an important literary prize. But she couldn't get on with it at all. It was about life on a farm, but the girl obviously knew nothing about country life. To anyone who, like herself, had always lived in the country, the whole thing was too ridiculous and impossible for words.

Elizabeth Janeway responded to the lush ruralism of Laurie Lee's memoir Cider with Rosie by suggesting an astringent counterblast might be found by "looking for an old copy of Stella Gibbons's Cold Comfort Farm". [10]

Characters

In order of appearance:

In London:

In Howling village Sussex:

Animals at Cold Comfort Farm:

Futurism

Although the book was published in 1932, the setting is an unspecified near future, shortly after the "Anglo-Nicaraguan wars of 1946". It refers to future social and demographic changes, such as the changing neighbourhoods of London: Mayfair has become a slum and Lambeth is fashionable. [11]

The book contains technological developments that Gibbons thought might have been invented by then, such as TV phones and air-taxis, so the novel has been compared to science fiction. [12]

Prequel and Sequel

Adaptations

Cold Comfort Farm has been adapted several times, including twice by BBC television.

Other uses of title

The book inspired Mellon family heiress Cordelia Scaife May to name her home "Cold Comfort", and to name her philanthropic foundation Colcom Foundation. [20]

Critical reception

BBC News included Cold Comfort Farm on its list of the 100 most influential novels. [21]

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References

Citations
  1. M. Green, Children of the Sun (London 1977) p. 265
  2. D. Matless, Landscape and Englishness (London 2016) p. 194
  3. 1 2 3 Hammill, Faye (2001). "Cold Comfort Farm, D. H. Lawrence, and English Literary Culture Between the Wars" (PDF). Modern Fiction Studies. 47 (4): 831–854. doi:10.1353/mfs.2001.0086. JSTOR   26286499. S2CID   162211201.
  4. Quoted in D. Matless, Landscape and Englishness (London 2016) p. 195
  5. Bloom, Clive (3 January 2022). Bestsellers: Popular Fiction Since 1900. Springer Nature. ISBN   978-3-030-79154-4.
  6. Humble, Nicola (2001). The Feminine Middlebrow Novel 1920s – 1950s. Oxford University Press. p. 30.
  7. Greenberg, Jonathan (15 September 2011). Modernism, Satire and the Novel. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-1-139-50151-4.
  8. Pearce, H. (2008) "Sheila's Response to Cold Comfort Farm", The Gleam: Journal of the Sheila Kaye-Smith Society, No 21.
  9. Bloom, Clive (3 January 2022). Bestsellers: Popular Fiction Since 1900. Springer Nature. ISBN   978-3-030-79154-4.
  10. V. Grove, Laurie Lee (London 1999) p. 319
  11. Williams, Imogen Russell (15 December 2013). "Comfort reading: Cold Comfort Farm by Stella Gibbons". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  12. Hammill, Faye (2010). Women, celebrity, and literary culture between the wars. [S.l.]: Univ of Texas Press. p. 172. ISBN   9780292726062.
  13. Christmas at Cold Comfort Farm
  14. Conference at Cold Comfort Farm
  15. William Drysdale. "Cold Comfort Farm (TV Mini-Series 1968)". IMDb.
  16. Maslin, Janet (10 May 1996). "Film review;Country Cousins, Feudal And Futile". The New York Times.
  17. Roger Ebert (24 May 1996). "Cold Comfort Farm". suntimes.com. Archived from the original on 8 March 2008. Retrieved 30 March 2007.
  18. "Release Dates". IMDbPro. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  19. McKellen, Ian (June 2000). "Cold Comfort Farm: Words". McKellen.com. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
  20. Tanfani, Joseph (25 July 2013). "Late heiress' anti-immigration efforts live on". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013.
  21. "100 'most inspiring' novels revealed by BBC Arts". BBC News . 5 November 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019. The reveal kickstarts the BBC's year-long celebration of literature.
Bibliography