Comparison of Java virtual machines

Last updated

Contents

Version information

NameCreatorFirst public releaseLatest stable versionLatest release dateCost, availabilityLicense
Eclipse OpenJ9 (formerly IBM J9) IBM 15 Mar 2018 [1] 0.43.0 [2]   OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg 5 February 2024;58 days agoFree Apache License 2.0
Eclipse Public License 2.0
GCJ GNU 6 September 19986.4 (Terminal)4 July 2017Free GPL version 2 or later, with the "libgcc exception" [3]
GraalVM Oracle May 201919.3.0 [4]   OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg 20 November 2019; 13 June 2023;Error: first parameter cannot be parsed as a date or time.Free GPL version 2 only
HotSpot, OpenJDK edition Sun Microsystems, Oracle 27 April 1999jdk-1616 March 2021Free GPL version 2 only
HotSpot, Oracle JDK edition Sun Microsystems, Oracle 27 April 1999jdk 1616 March 2021Free Proprietary
HotSpot, Java SE embedded edition Sun Microsystems, Oracle 27 April 1999 ? ?Commercial Proprietary [5]
HotSpot, Zero portGary Benson [6]  ? ? ?Free GPL version 2 only
IKVM.NET Jeroen Frijters28 June 20047.0.4335.05 December 2011Free zlib License [7]
JAmiga Peter Werno, Joakim Nordström19 May 2005 [8] 1.26 January 2014Free GPL version 2 or later
JamVM Robert Lougher13 March 20032.0.030 July 2014Free GPL version 2 or later
Jato VM Pekka Enberg and contributors [9]  ?0.3 [10] 4 January 2012 [10] Free GPL version 2 only [9]
JC virtual machine Archie L. Cobbs ?1.4.713 November 2005Free LGPL version 2.1 or later
Jikes RVM IBM 14 October 20013.1.4 [11] 18 February 2016 [11] Free Eclipse Public License version 1.0 [12]
Kaffe Transvirtual Technologies19961.1.922 February 2008Free GPL version 2 or later [13]
Mysaifu JVM  ?16 April 2005 [14] 0.4.8 [14] 5 March 2010 [14] Free GPL version 2 only [14]
SableVM Sable Research Group  ?1.1330 March 2007 [15] Free LGPL version 2.1 or later

Technical information

JVMStatusLatest supported Java versionSupported class librariesPerformance
GNU Classpath OpenJDK OtherInterpretation AOT JIT
GCJ No longer maintained or distributed by GNU as of GCC 7 [16]  ?YesNoYesYesNo
HotSpot, OpenJDK editionReference implementation.1.8NoYesYesNoYes
HotSpot, Oracle JDK editionReference implementation.1.8NoYesYesNoYes
HotSpot, Java SE embedded edition ?NoYesYesNoYes
HotSpot, Zero portInterpreter-only port of OpenJDK using almost no assembly language and designed to be very portable.1.7NoYesYesNoNo
IKVM.NET  ? ? ?Whatever the .NET runtime uses
JAmiga 1.4 [17] Yes [18] NoYes [19] NoNo
JamVM 1.8 [20] Yes [21] Yes [21] Yes [21] NoYes [21]
Jato VM 1.6 [22] Yes [10] No [23] No [23] No [23] Yes [10]
JC virtual machine Translates Java to C and compiles it with a C compiler.1.4 [24] Yes [25] NoYes [26] Yes [26] Yes [26]
Jikes RVM 1.6 [27] Yes [28] Port [29] [30] Apache Harmony [28] No [31]  ?Yes
Kaffe 1.4 [13] Yes [13] NoYes [13] No [13] Yes [13]
Mysaifu JVM  ?Yes [32] NoYes [33] No [33] No [33]
SableVM Unmaintained1.4YesNoYesNoNo

Supported CPU architectures

JVM x86 x86-64 SPARC MIPS Itanium Power ISA ARM Alpha S/390 z/Architecture m68k
GCJ Yes [34] Yes [34] Yes [34] Yes [34] Yes [34] Yes [34] Yes [34] Yes [34] Yes [34] No [34] No [34]
HotSpot, OpenJDK editionYes [35] Yes [35] Solaris only [35] Port [36] [37] No [35] PowerPC/AIX port [38] Yes [35] No [35] No [35] No [35] No [35]
HotSpot, Oracle JDK editionYes [35] Yes [35] Solaris only [35] No [35] Java 1.6 [39] No [35] Yes [35] No [35] No [35] No [35] No [35]
HotSpot, Java SE embedded editionYes [5] Yes [5] Yes [5]  ? ?Yes [5] Yes [5]  ? ? ? ?
HotSpot, Zero portYes [40] Yes [40] No [40] Yes [40] Yes [40] Yes [40] Yes [40] Yes [40] No [40] Yes [40] No [40]
IKVM.NET Any architecture with a .NET framework.
JAmiga  ? ?NoNoNoYesNoNoNoNoYes
JamVM Yes [21] Yes [21] Yes [21] Yes [21] No [21] Yes [21] Yes [21] No [21] No [21] No [21] No [21]
Jato VM Yes [10] Under development [41] NoNoNoUnder development [41] Preliminary ARMv5 support [23] NoNoNoNo
JC virtual machine YesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo
Jikes RVM Yes [42] No [42] No [42] No [42] No [42] Yes [42] No [42] No [42] No [42] No [42] No [42]
Kaffe Yes [13] Yes [13] Yes [13] Yes [13] Yes [13] Yes [13] Yes [13] Yes [13] Yes [13] No [13] Yes [13]
Mysaifu JVM No [43] No [43] No [43] No [43] No [43] No [43] Yes [43] No [43] No [43] No [43] No [43]
SableVM Yes [44] YesYes [44] YesYes [44] Yes [44] Yes [44] Yes [44] Yes [44] No [44] Yes [44]

Supported operating systems

JVM Windows Linux FreeBSD NetBSD OpenBSD Solaris OpenSolaris Darwin macOS iOS BeOS Haiku AIX IRIX OS/2 Windows Mobile AmigaOS Other
GCJ Yes [34] Yes [34] Yes [34]  ? ?Yes [34]  ?Yes [34] Yes [34]  ? ? ? ?Yes [34]  ?No [34] No [34] DEC OSF 4.0f and 5.1, Hitachi SH-3/4 micro-controller [34]
HotSpot, OpenJDK editionYes [45] (distributed as source code)YesPort [46] Port [46] Port [46] YesYes [47]  ?Yes [48] NoNoPort [49] Port [38] NoPort [50] NoNo
HotSpot, Oracle JDK editionYes [35] Yes [35] NoNoNoYes [35]  ? ?Yes [35] NoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo
HotSpot, Java SE embedded editionYes [5] Yes [5] No [5] No [5] No [5] Yes [5]  ? [5] No [5] No [5] No [5] No [5] No [5] No [5] No [5] No [5] No [5] No [5]
HotSpot, Zero portNo [40] [51] Yes [40] [51] No [40] [51] No [40] [51] No [40] [51] No [40] [51] No [40] [51] No [40] [51] No [40] [51] No [40] [51] No [40] [51] No [40] [51] No [40] [51] No [40] [51] No [40] [51] No [40] [51] No [40] [51]
IKVM.NET Any operating system with a .NET framework
JAmiga NoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoYes
JamVM No [21] Yes [21] Yes [21] No [21] Yes [21] Yes [21] Yes [21] Yes [21] Yes [21] On Jailbroken iPhone [21] No [21] No [21] No [21] No [21] No [21] No [21] No [21] kFreeBSD
Jato VM No [41] Yes [41] No [41] No [41] No [41] No [41] No [41] Under development [41]  ? [41] No [41] No [41] No [41] No [41] No [41] No [41] No [41] No [41]
JC virtual machine NoYesYesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo
Jikes RVM No [42] Yes [42] No [42] No [42] No [42] No [42] No [42] No [42] Yes [42] No [42] No [42] No [42] Yes [42] No [42] No [42] No [42] No [42]
Kaffe Using Cygwin [13] Yes [13] Yes [13] Yes [13] Yes [13] Yes [13]  ?Yes [13] Yes [13] No [13] Yes [13] No [13] Yes [13] Yes [13] No [13] No [13] YesMany others [13]
Mysaifu JVM No [43] No [43] No [43] No [43] No [43] No [43] No [43] No [43] No [43] No [43] No [43] No [43] No [43] No [43] No [43] Yes [43] No [43]
SableVM Using Cygwin [44] Yes [44] Yes [44]  ? ? ? ? ?Yes [44]  ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Related Research Articles

The GNU Compiler for Java (GCJ) is a discontinued free compiler for the Java programming language. It was part of the GNU Compiler Collection.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GNU Classpath</span> Implementation of standard class library of Java

GNU Classpath is a free software implementation of the standard class library for the Java programming language. Most classes from J2SE 1.4 and 5.0 are implemented. Classpath can thus be used to run Java-based applications. GNU Classpath is a part of the GNU Project. It was originally developed in parallel with libgcj due to license incompatibilities, but later the two projects merged.

Kaffe is a discontinued "clean room design" version of a Java Virtual Machine. It comes with a subset of the Java Platform, Standard Edition, Java API, and tools needed to provide a Java runtime environment. Like most other Free Java virtual machines, Kaffe uses GNU Classpath as its class library.

Free Java implementations are software projects that implement Oracle's Java technologies and are distributed under free software licences, making them free software. Sun released most of its Java source code as free software in May 2007, so it can now almost be considered a free Java implementation. Java implementations include compilers, runtimes, class libraries, etc. Advocates of free and open source software refer to free or open source Java virtual machine software as free runtimes or free Java runtimes.

Jikes is an open-source Java compiler written in C++. It is no longer being updated.

javac is the primary Java compiler included in the Java Development Kit (JDK) from Oracle Corporation. Martin Odersky implemented the GJ compiler, and his implementation became the basis for javac.

HotSpot, released as Java HotSpot Performance Engine, is a Java virtual machine for desktop and server computers, developed by Sun Microsystems and now maintained and distributed by Oracle Corporation. It features improved performance via methods such as just-in-time compilation and adaptive optimization. It is the de facto Java Virtual Machine, serving as the reference implementation of the Java programming language.

Apache Harmony is a retired open source, free Java implementation, developed by the Apache Software Foundation. It was announced in early May 2005 and on October 25, 2006, the board of directors voted to make Apache Harmony a top-level project. The Harmony project achieved 99% completeness for J2SE 5.0, and 97% for Java SE 6. The Android operating system has historically been a major user of Harmony, although since Android Nougat it increasingly relies on OpenJDK libraries.

JamVM is an open-source Java Virtual Machine (JVM) developed to be extremely small compared with other virtual machines (VMs) while conforming to the Java virtual machine specification version 2.

Jikes Research Virtual Machine is a mature virtual machine that runs programs written for the Java platform. Unlike most other Java virtual machines (JVMs), it is written in the programming language Java, in a style of implementation termed meta-circular. It is free and open source software released under an Eclipse Public License.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Java (software platform)</span> Set of computer software and specifications

Java is a set of computer software and specifications that provides a software platform for developing application software and deploying it in a cross-platform computing environment. Java is used in a wide variety of computing platforms from embedded devices and mobile phones to enterprise servers and supercomputers. Java applets, which are less common than standalone Java applications, were commonly run in secure, sandboxed environments to provide many features of native applications through being embedded in HTML pages.

The Java language has undergone several changes since JDK 1.0 as well as numerous additions of classes and packages to the standard library. Since J2SE 1.4, the evolution of the Java language has been governed by the Java Community Process (JCP), which uses Java Specification Requests (JSRs) to propose and specify additions and changes to the Java platform. The language is specified by the Java Language Specification (JLS); changes to the JLS are managed under JSR 901. In September 2017, Mark Reinhold, chief Architect of the Java Platform, proposed to change the release train to "one feature release every six months" rather than the then-current two-year schedule. This proposal took effect for all following versions, and is still the current release schedule.

OpenJDK is a free and open-source implementation of the Java Platform, Standard Edition. It is the result of an effort Sun Microsystems began in 2006. The implementation is licensed under the GPL-2.0-only with a linking exception. Were it not for the GPL linking exception, components that linked to the Java Class Library would be subject to the terms of the GPL license. OpenJDK is the official reference implementation of Java SE since version 7.

The Java Class Library (JCL) is a set of dynamically loadable libraries that Java Virtual Machine (JVM) languages can call at run time. Because the Java Platform is not dependent on a specific operating system, applications cannot rely on any of the platform-native libraries. Instead, the Java Platform provides a comprehensive set of standard class libraries, containing the functions common to modern operating systems.

IcedTea is a build and integration project for OpenJDK launched by Red Hat in June 2007. IcedTea also includes some addon libraries: IcedTea-Web is a free software implementation of Java Web Start and the Java web browser applet plugin. IcedTea-Sound is a collection of plugins for the Java sound subsystem, including the PulseAudio provider which used to be included with IcedTea. The Free Software Foundation recommends that all Java programmers use IcedTea as their development environment.

The Java Development Kit (JDK) is a distribution of Java technology by Oracle Corporation. It implements the Java Language Specification (JLS) and the Java Virtual Machine Specification (JVMS) and provides the Standard Edition (SE) of the Java Application Programming Interface (API). It is derivative of the community driven OpenJDK which Oracle stewards. It provides software for working with Java applications. Examples of included software are the Java virtual machine, a compiler, performance monitoring tools, a debugger, and other utilities that Oracle considers useful for Java programmers.

The Maxine virtual machine is an open source virtual machine that is developed at the University of Manchester. It was formerly developed by Sun Microsystems Laboratories, since renamed Oracle Labs. The emphasis in Maxine's software architecture is on modular design and code reuse for flexibility, configurability, and productivity for industrial and academic virtual machine researchers. It is one of a growing number of Java virtual machines written entirely in Java in a meta-circular style. Examples include Squawk and Jikes RVM.

Nashorn is a JavaScript engine developed in the Java programming language originally by Oracle and later by the OpenJDK Community. It relies on the support for dynamically typed languages on the Java Platform Nashorn has been included with Java 8 through JDK 14.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GraalVM</span> Virtual machine software

GraalVM is a Java Development Kit (JDK) written in Java. The open-source distribution of GraalVM is based on OpenJDK, and the enterprise distribution is based on Oracle JDK. As well as just-in-time (JIT) compilation, GraalVM can compile a Java application ahead of time. This allows for faster initialization, greater runtime performance, and decreased resource consumption, but the resulting executable can only run on the platform it was compiled for. It provides additional programming languages and execution modes. The first production-ready release, GraalVM 19.0, was distributed in May 2019. The most recent release is GraalVM for JDK 22, made available in March 2024.

References

  1. ↑ "Release Eclipse OpenJ9 v0.8.0 · eclipse-openj9/openj9". Github. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  2. ↑ "Release 0.43.0". 5 February 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
  3. ↑ "The GCJ FAQ - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)". Gcc.gnu.org. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  4. ↑ "Release 19.3.0". 20 November 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 "Oracle Java SE Embedded Overview". Oracle. 19 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
  6. ↑ "gbenson.net". gbenson.net. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  7. ↑ "License - ikvm". SourceForge.net. 10 May 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  8. ↑ "JAmiga - Browse /jamiga/pre-alpha 0.0.5 at Sourceforge.net" . Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  9. 1 2 "jato/README at master · penberg/jato · GitHub". GitHub . 29 November 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2012.[ permanent dead link ]
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 "Jato". Archived from the original on 11 August 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  11. 1 2 "Jikes RVM - Browse /jikesrvm at Sourceforge.net". Sourceforge.net. 3 November 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
  12. ↑ "License". Jikes RVM. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 "kaffe/kaffe". GitHub. 9 November 2021.
  14. 1 2 3 4 "Mysaifu JVM". Archived from the original on 19 December 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
  15. ↑ "SableVM - Browse /sablevm/1.13 at". Sourceforge.net. 30 March 2007. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  16. ↑ "GCC 7 Release Series — Changes, New Features, and Fixes - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)". gcc.gnu.org.
  17. ↑ "jni.c - jamiga2 - Java for Amiga - Google Project Hosting" . Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  18. ↑ "ClasspathDevelopment - jamiga2 - This document describes the work done and needed for the GNU Classpath - Java for Amiga - Google Project Hosting" . Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  19. ↑ "interpreter.c - jamiga 2 - Java for Amiga - Google Project Hosting" . Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  20. ↑ "JamVM | Release notes for JamVM at SourceForge.net". sourceforge.net. 30 July 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 "JamVM -- A compact Java Virtual Machine". jamvm.sourceforge.net.
  22. ↑ "jato/include/vm/java-version.h at master · penberg/jato · GitHub". GitHub . Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  23. 1 2 3 4 "jato/TODO at master · penberg/jato · GitHub". GitHub . Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  24. ↑ "SourceForge.net Repository - [jcvm] Contents of /jcvm/libjc/properties.c". Jcvm.cvs.sourceforge.net. 15 May 2005. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  25. ↑ "JC Virtual Machine: Home". Jcvm.sourceforge.net. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  26. 1 2 3 "JC Virtual Machine Documentation". Jcvm.sourceforge.net. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  27. ↑ "SourceForge: jikesrvm/jikesrvm: libraryInterface/GNUClasspath/EPL/src/gnu/classpath/VMSystemProperties.java@6e24f915d0ba". Jikesrvm.hg.sourceforge.net. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  28. 1 2 "SourceForge: jikesrvm/jikesrvm: files". Jikesrvm.hg.sourceforge.net. 19 July 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  29. ↑ "openjdk4jikesrvm - Use Openjdk library as JikesRVM's class library - Google Project Hosting" . Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  30. ↑ "[#RVM-549] Initial support for OpenJDK class library - jira.codehaus.org". Archived from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  31. ↑ "Feature request for interpreter". Archived from the original on 4 May 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
  32. ↑ "SVN - Mysaifu JVM". 13 November 2008. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
  33. 1 2 3 "Diary of Mysaifu JVM". 9 February 2010. Archived from the original on 12 June 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 "GCJ - Status - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)". Archived from the original on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 "Oracle JDK 7 and JRE 7 Certified System Configurations". www.oracle.com.
  36. ↑ "OpenJDK: Port: Mips". openjdk.java.net.
  37. ↑ "MIPSPort - IcedTea". icedtea.classpath.org. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  38. 1 2 "OpenJDK: PowerPC/AIX Port Project". openjdk.java.net.
  39. ↑ "Java SE 6 Update Release Notes". Oracle. 4 March 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
  40. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 "ZeroSharkFaq - IcedTea". icedtea.classpath.org. Archived from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 "[ANNOUNCE] Jato 0.3 - Google Groups". 4 January 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 "Supported Platforms". www.jikesrvm.org.
  43. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 "SVN - Mysaifu JVM". 9 October 2009. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
  44. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "SableVM Project". sablevm.org.
  45. ↑ "OpenJDK Build README". Archived from the original on 6 July 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  46. 1 2 3 "OpenJDK: BSD Port Project". openjdk.java.net.
  47. ↑ "OpenJDK Build README". Archived from the original on 6 July 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  48. ↑ "OpenJDK: Mac OS X Port Project". openjdk.java.net.
  49. ↑ "OpenJDK: Port: Haiku". openjdk.java.net.
  50. ↑ "OS2 World.Com - Java (OpenJDK) 1.6.0 Build 25 GA3". Archived from the original on 26 July 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  51. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 "OpenJDK: Zero-Assembler Project". openjdk.java.net.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.