Liechtenstein is a principality governed under a semi-constitutional monarchy. It has a form of mixed constitution in which political power is shared by the monarch and a democratically elected parliament. There is a two-party system and a form of representative democracy in which the prime minister and head of government is responsible to parliament. However, the Prince of Liechtenstein is head of state and exercises considerable political powers.
The president of Germany, officially titled the Federal President of the Federal Republic of Germany, is the head of state of Germany.
A constitutional court is a high court that deals primarily with constitutional law. Its main authority is to rule on whether laws that are challenged are in fact unconstitutional, i.e. whether they conflict with constitutionally established rules, rights, and freedoms, among other things.
Juli Zeh is a German writer and judge. She is known for novels such as The Method (2009), Unterleuten (2016) and About People (2021).
The government of Hamburg is divided into executive, legislative and judicial branches. Hamburg is a city-state and municipality, and thus its governance deals with several details of both state and local community politics. It takes place in two ranks – a citywide and state administration, and a local rank for the boroughs. The head of the city-state's government is the First Mayor and President of the Senate. A ministry is called Behörde (office) and a state minister is a Senator in Hamburg. The legislature is the state parliament, called Hamburgische Bürgerschaft, and the judicial branch is composed of the state supreme court and other courts. The seat of the government is Hamburg Rathaus. The President of the Hamburg Parliament is the highest official person of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg. This is a traditional difference to the other German states. The president is not allowed to exert any occupation of the executive.
The judiciary of Austria is the system of courts, prosecution and correction of the Republic of Austria as well as the branch of government responsible for upholding the rule of law and administering justice. The judiciary is independent of the other two branches of government and is committed to guaranteeing fair trials and equality before the law. It has broad and effective powers of judicial review.
The Landtag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern is the people's representative body or the state parliament of the German federal state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.
The Landtag of Brandenburg is the unicameral legislature of the state of Brandenburg in Germany. Its 88 members of parliament are usually elected every 5 years.
The Federal Constitutional Court is the supreme constitutional court for the Federal Republic of Germany, established by the constitution or Basic Law of Germany. Since its inception with the beginning of the post-World War II republic, the court has been located in the city of Karlsruhe, which is also the seat of the Federal Court of Justice.
The Supreme Court of Justice is the final court of appeal of Austria in civil and criminal matters. Along with the Supreme Administrative Court and the Constitutional Court, it is one of Austria's three apex courts.
The Minister-president is the head of state and government in thirteen of Germany's sixteen states.
The 2024 Thuringian state election was held on 1 September 2024 to elect the members of the 8th Landtag of Thuringia. It was held on the same day as the 2024 Saxony state election.
In the courts of Liechtenstein, the order of precedence, in ascending order is as follows:
- Princely Court of Justice.
- Princely Court of Appeals
- Princely Constitutional Court
The Constitutional Court of the State of Berlin is the state constitutional court of Berlin. It has its seat at the Kammergericht building in the Schöneberg district of Berlin. Since November 2019, Ludgera Selting is the president of the court.
The Constitutional Court of North Rhine-Westphalia is the constitutional court of the most populous German state NRW. Art. 76 of the state constitutions authorizes and establishes the court. In its history the method of composition has been changed multiple times.
The State Constitutional Court of Schleswig-Holstein is the state constitutional jurisdiction of the state of Schleswig-Holstein, established on 1 May 2008. It is based in Schleswig.
The Thuringian Constitutional Court is the state constitutional court of the Free State of Thuringia. The court is located in Weimar at Jenaer Straße 2a, and oral hearings take place at Gutenbergstraße 29a.
The Constitutional Court of Hamburg is the constitutional court of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, the highest court and one of the three constitutional bodies of this state. The court is located in the building of the Hanseatic Higher Regional Court in Justizforum Hamburg at Sievekingplatz. Birgit Voßkühler has been President of the Court since February 2020. She is the first woman to hold this office.
The Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania State Office for the Protection of the Constitution is the state office for the protection of the constitution in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and one of 19 intelligence services in Germany. As Department 5, it is part of the Ministry of the Interior and Sport of the State of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, based in the state capital Schwerin. It was founded in 1991, and is divided into five departments with over 100 positions and also uses intelligence resources for its tasks. The operating budget amounted to 1.580 million euros in 2019.
The Constitutional Court of Saarland is the constitutional court of the German state of Saarland. The court also has the special status of a constitutional body. According to the Constitution of December 15, 1947, the Constitutional Court of Saarland is the third organ of the will of the people alongside the state parliament and the state government. The detailed regulations on the Constitutional Court are set out in the Law on the Constitutional Court.
