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References
- ↑ Tierney, John (December 2, 1990). "Betting on the Planet". The New York Times.
- ↑ Ibn Khaldun, Muqaddimah , 2:272-73, quoted in Weiss, Dieter (1995). "Ibn Khaldun on Economic Transformation". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 27 (1): 29–37. doi:10.1017/S0020743800061560. JSTOR 176185. [30].
- ↑ George, Henry (1898). Progress and Poverty, Volumes I and IIAn Inquiry into the Cause of Industrial Depressions and of Increase of Want with Increase of Wealth.[ page needed ]
- ↑ Moseley, William (2014). An Introduction to Human-Environment Geography: local dynamics and global process. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 240–241. ISBN 978-1-4051-8931-6.
- ↑ "Population Growth over Human History". University of Michigan. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011.
- ↑ "International Data Base (IDB): Total Midyear Population for the World: 1950–2050". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on October 17, 2007.
- ↑ World population to 2300 United Nations; Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2004
- ↑ Gerland, Patrick; Raftery, Adrian E.; Ševčíková, Hana; Li, Nan; Gu, Danan; Spoorenberg, Thomas; Alkema, Leontine; Fosdick, Bailey K.; Chunn, Jennifer; Lalic, Nevena; Bay, Guiomar; Buettner, Thomas; Heilig, Gerhard K.; Wilmoth, John (October 10, 2014). "World population stabilization unlikely this century". Science. 346 (6206): 234–237. Bibcode:2014Sci...346..234G. doi:10.1126/science.1257469. PMC 4230924 . PMID 25301627.
- ↑ The Cornucopian Fallacies. TEF Reports. by Lindsey Grant
- ↑ Oreskes, Naomi (March 1, 2023). "Eight Billion People in the World Is a Crisis, Not an Achievement". Scientific American. Springer Nature. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
This argument is a retread of a theoretical framework that was named cornucopianism in the 1980s. Cornucopians, led by economist Julian Simon and military strategist Herman Kahn, argued that anxiety over limited natural resources is misguided because human ingenuity can overcome any limits. Let populations grow alongside markets operating under minimal government constraints, and people will invent solutions to whatever problems they face. It's true that technological innovations in the 19th and 20th centuries created more agricultural productivity—enough to feed much of a growing population. But the cornucopian perspective ignores other important facts. For instance, an enormous number of these inventions came into being through government actions. From the canals and railroads of the 19th century to the interstate highways and Internet of the 20th, most large-scale technological achievements have relied, at least in part, on government initiatives and support. Big gains in health and life expectancy stemmed from state investments in scientific research and public health. In the early 21st century the price of renewable solar energy fell dramatically, largely because of state-funded research and policies to help ensure demand. And although much of our population grew healthily in the 20th century, hundreds of millions died in famines, pandemics and wars. Scientists have been warning us about the risks of anthropogenic climate disruption since the 1950s, but technological progress has not stopped the unfolding climate crisis.