Southernmost settlements are cities, towns, weather stations or permanent military bases which are farther south than latitude 45°S. They are closely related to the Southern Ocean or either the Roaring Forties or Furious Fifties. Antarctic bases are excluded due to not having a permanent population.
The Picunche, also referred to as picones by the Spanish, were a Mapudungun-speaking people living to the north of the Mapuches or Araucanians and south of the Choapa River and the Diaguitas. Until the Conquest of Chile the Itata was the natural limit between the Mapuche, located to the south, and Picunche, to the north. During the Inca attempt to conquer Chile the southern Picunche peoples that successfully resisted them were later known as the Promaucaes.
Castro is a city and commune on Chiloé Island in Chile. Castro is the capital of the Chiloé Province in the Los Lagos Region. The city is located on Estero de Castro on the eastern coast of central Chiloé Island. This position provides Castro with a good access to the eastern islands of Chiloé Archipelago as well as to the open ocean through Cucao and Huillinco to the west.
In South America, Indigenous peoples comprise the Pre-Columbian peoples and their descendants, as contrasted with people of European ancestry and those of African descent. In Spanish, indigenous peoples are referred to as pueblos indígenas, or pueblos nativos. The term aborigen is used in Argentina, and pueblos aborígenes is commonly used in Colombia. The English term Amerindian is often used in the Guianas. Latin Americans of mixed European and Indigenous descent are usually referred to as mestizos (Spanish) and mestiços (Portuguese), while those of mixed African and Indigenous ancestry are referred to as zambos.
Cochrane is a Chilean town and commune in Capitán Prat Province of the Aisén Region. According to the 2002 census it has a population of 2,867. The urban population in 2002 was 2,217 and the rural population was 650.
Niebla is a coastal Chilean town close to the city of Valdivia, Valdivia Province, Los Ríos Region. Niebla is located on the northern edge, at the mouth of the Valdivia River, across from Corral. Niebla's beach and folk market are popular tourist destinations during the summer, together with the ruins of a Spanish colonial fort and its museum.
Riñihue is a hamlet on the shores of Riñihue Lake, Los Ríos Region, Chile. It is located south of the mountain Tralcán in the western end of Riñihue Lake. In early 20th century Riñihue grew out as a settlement due to the exploitation of wood in Riñihue Lake. Riñihue was the first Chilean lakeshore settlement to be reached by the railroad. The hamlet was flooded in 1960 during the Riñihuazo.
Toltén is a Chilean commune located at the lower flows Toltén River at the southern coast of Cautín Province which is part of Araucanía Region. The commune is administered by the municipality Nueva Toltén, the main harbour and town within the commune.
Melinka is a Chilean town in Aysén Province, Aysén Region. It is located on Ascención Island and is the administrative center of the commune of Guaitecas since 1979.
Curarrehue is a town and commune in Cautín Province of Araucanía Region, Chile. The origin of Curarrehue dates back to the occupation of Araucanía and the Conquest of the Desert by the Chilean and Argentine army respectively in the 1870s and 1880s when Mapuches were pushed by the Argentine Army through Mamuil Malal Pass into the valley of Curarrehue where they settled.
Chonchi is a Chilean town and commune located in Los Lagos Region. The commune consists of the town of Chonchi and the following villages:
Llifén is a Chilean town in the commune of Futrono on the shores of Ranco Lake located near the mouth of Calcurrupe River. In 2017 Llifén had a population 768, a slight increase relative to the 748 inhabitants recorded in the 2002 census. Llifén was one of the last places in Chile where artisan fishing was done with fish traps called lollys. Fishing with this technique ceased in the 1970s.
Gorbea is a Chilean city and commune located in Cautín Province, Araucanía Region.
Teodoro Schmidt is a Chilean town and commune located in Cautín Province, Araucanía Region. Teodoro Schmidt spans a coastal area of 649.9 km2 (251 sq mi). The main settlements of the commune are Teodoro Schmidt, Hualpín and Barros Arana.
Between 1830 and 1850, Chilean silver mining grew at an unprecedented pace which transformed mining into one of the country's principal sources of wealth. The rush caused rapid demographic, infrastructural, and economic expansion in the semi-arid Norte Chico mountains where the silver deposits lay. A number of Chileans made large fortunes in the rush and made investments in other areas of the economy of Chile. By the 1850s, the rush was in decline and lucrative silver mining definitively ended in the 1870s. At the same time, mining activity in Chile reoriented to saltpetre operations.
New Mexico chile or New Mexican chile is a cultivar group of the chile pepper from the US state of New Mexico, first grown by Pueblo and Hispano communities throughout Santa Fe de Nuevo México. These landrace chile plants were used to develop the modern New Mexico chile peppers by horticulturist Fabián García and his students, including Roy Nakayama, at what is now New Mexico State University in 1894.
El Llolly is a village east of the town of Paillaco, south-central Chile. The village is located in the Chilean Central Valley near Ranco Lake. It had 429 inhabitants as of 2017. The village lies next to Llollelhue River, with which it shares an etymology derived from the local word "llolle" meaning fish trap.
Huilma is a hamlet northwest of the town of Río Negro and southwest of the city of Osorno in south-central Chile. It lies along to Chile Route U-72. The hamlet had 58 inhabitants as of 2017.
San Lorenzo de Tarapacá, also known simply as Tarapacá, is a town in the region of the same name in Chile.
Los Pellines is a small town in Los Lagos Region, Chile. It lies along Chile Route 5 south of Frutillar and north of Llanquihue about 3.5 km west of Llanquihue Lake.
