Court of the Imperial Stud | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chinese name | |||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 太 僕 寺 | ||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 太 仆 寺 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Vietnamese name | |||||||||
Vietnamese alphabet | Thái bộc tự | ||||||||
Hán-Nôm | 太僕寺 | ||||||||
Manchu name | |||||||||
Manchu script | ᠠᡩᡠᠨ ᠪᡝ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠶᠠᠮᡠᠨ | ||||||||
Möllendorff | adun be kadalara yamun |
The Court of the Imperial Stud,also known as the Court of the Imperial Stables,was a central government agency in several imperial Chinese and Vietnamese dynasties. It was generally in charge of managing state horse pasturage,stables and corrals,as well as maintaining the vehicles for use by the imperial household and members of the central government. In China,the office was created during the Northern Qi dynasty (550–577) and continued until the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). In Vietnam,it was created by LêThánh Tông in 1466,and continued until the Nguyễn dynasty.
It was one of the Nine Courts. During the Song dynasty,the agency also contained offices in charge of elephants and camels.
The Ming dynasty,officially the Great Ming,was an imperial dynasty of China,ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last imperial dynasty of China ruled by the Han people,the majority ethnic group in China. Although the primary capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng,numerous rump regimes ruled by remnants of the Ming imperial family—collectively called the Southern Ming—survived until 1662.
A yamen was the administrative office or residence of a local bureaucrat or mandarin in imperial China,Korea,and Vietnam. A yamen can also be any governmental office or body headed by a mandarin,at any level of government:the offices of one of the Six Ministries is a yamen,but so is a prefectural magistracy. The term has been widely used in China for centuries,but appeared in English during the Qing dynasty.
Master of the Horse is an official position in several European nations. It was more common when most countries in Europe were monarchies,and is of varying prominence today.
The Censorate was a high-level supervisory agency in Imperial China,first established during the Qin dynasty. It was a highly effective agency during the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). During the Ming dynasty (1368–1644),the Censorate was a branch of the centralized bureaucracy,paralleling the Six Ministries and the five Chief Military Commissions,and was directly responsible to the emperor. The investigating censors were "the eyes and ears" of the emperor and checked administrators at each level to prevent corruption and malfeasance,a common feature of that period. Popular stories told of righteous censors revealing corruption as well as censors who accepted bribes. Generally speaking,they were feared and disliked,and had to move around constantly to perform their duties.
Han Gan was a Chinese painter during the Tang dynasty.
The Lifan Yuan was an agency in the government of the Qing dynasty of China which administered the empire's Inner Asian territories such as Mongolia and oversaw the appointments of Ambans in Tibet. Until the 1860s,it was also responsible for the Qing's relations with the Russian Empire.
The Zhongshu Sheng,also known as the Palace Secretariat or Central Secretariat,was one of the departments of the Three Departments and Six Ministries government structure in imperial China from the Cao Wei (220–266) until the early Ming dynasty. As one of the Three Departments,the Zhongshu Sheng was primarily a policy-formulating agency responsible for proposing and drafting all imperial decrees,but its actual function varied at different times. The department traces its origins back to the Han dynasty.
The Three Departments and Six Ministries system was the primary administrative structure in imperial China from the Sui dynasty (581–618) to the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). It was also used by Balhae (698–926) and Goryeo (918–1392) and various other kingdoms in Manchuria,Korea and Vietnam.
The Imperial Preceptor,or Dishi,was a high title and powerful post created by Kublai Khan,founder of the Yuan dynasty. It was established as part of Mongol patronage of Tibetan Buddhism and the Yuan administrative rule of Tibet.
The Shangshu Sheng,sometimes translated as the Department of State Affairs or the Imperial Secretariat,was one of the departments of the Three Departments and Six Ministries government structure. It was the primary executive institution of imperial China,head of the Six Ministries,the Nine Courts,and the Three Directorates. The Six Ministries consisted of the Ministry of Personnel,the Ministry of Revenue,the Ministry of Rites,the Ministry of War,the Ministry of Justice,and the Ministry of Works. The Department of State of Affairs existed in one form or another from the Han dynasty until the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368),but was never re-established in the following Ming dynasty.
The Menxia Sheng,sometimes translated as the Chancellery,was one of the departments of the Three Departments and Six Ministries government structure of imperial China. It advised the emperor and the Zhongshu Sheng,and reviewed edicts and commands. As the least important of the three departments,it existed in name only by the Song dynasty while its functions were delegated to the other two departments. In 1129,the Chancellery was merged with the Central Secretariat.
The Bureau of Military Affairs was the central government agency in charge of a state's military forces during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period,Liao dynasty,Song dynasty and Yuan dynasty. It was headed by the Shumishi.
The Five Directorates were five service agencies in the central government of the Sui,Tang,and Song dynasties of China,apart from the Nine Courts.
The Palace Library was a central government agency in Imperial and monarchical China,Korea,and Vietnam generally in charge of maintaining and archiving the collection of the monarch's documents.
The Court of Imperial Entertainments,also known as the Court of the Imperial Banquets,was a central government agency in several imperial Chinese and Vietnamese dynasties. It was generally in charge of catering for the imperial household,central government officials,and imperial banquets honoring foreign envoys and other dignitaries. In China,the office was created during the Northern Qi dynasty (550–577) and continued until the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). In Vietnam,it was created by LêThánh Tông in 1466,and continued until the Nguyễn dynasty.
The Court of Imperial Sacrifices,also known as the Court of Sacrificial Worship,was a central government agency in several imperial Chinese and Vietnamese dynasties. It was generally in charge of conducting major state sacrificial ceremonies according to ritual regulations. In China,the office was created during the Northern Qi dynasty (550–577) and continued until the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). In Vietnam,it was created by LêThánh Tông in 1466,and continued until the Nguyễn dynasty.
The Court of Judicature and Revision,also known as the Court of Judicial Review,was a central government agency in several imperial Chinese. From the Chinese,the system was also studied and implemented by Vietnamese dynasties. It was generally in charge of reviewing judicial proceedings at all administrative levels and singling out the cases for a retrial by court officials or the emperor himself. In China,the office was created during the Northern Qi dynasty (550–577) and continued until the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). In Vietnam,it was adopted by LêThánh Tông in 1466,and continued until the Nguyễn dynasty.
Protectorate,also known as Duhu Fu,was a type of administrative division of the Chinese Empire,especially during the Han and Tang dynasties,established in frontier regions. During the Han and Tang dynasties,a protectorate was the highest government agency in frontier areas and was directly responsible to the imperial court. The protectorate governor was called duhu,who needed to take charge in military operations when necessary,and provide instructions to minority tribes and small dependent states within the region. This is different from the Jiedushi position. During rebellion and wartime,the two position can be held by the same person.
The administration of territory in dynastic China is the history of practices involved in governing the land from the Qin dynasty to the Qing dynasty (1644–1912).
The Qing dynasty (1644–1912) was the last imperial dynasty of China. The early Qing emperors adopted the bureaucratic structures and institutions from the preceding Ming dynasty but split rule between the Han and Manchus with some positions also given to Mongols. Like previous dynasties,the Qing recruited officials via the imperial examination system until the system was abolished in 1905. The Qing divided the positions into civil and military positions,each having nine grades or ranks,each subdivided into a and b categories. Civil appointments ranged from an attendant to the emperor or a grand secretary in the Forbidden City (highest) to being a prefectural tax collector,deputy jail warden,deputy police commissioner,or tax examiner. Military appointments ranged from being a field marshal or chamberlain of the imperial bodyguard to a third class sergeant,corporal or a first or second class private.