Covenantal theology (Catholic Church)

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Covenantal theology is a distinctive approach to Catholic biblical theology stemming from the mid-twentieth century recovery of Patristic methods of interpreting scripture by scholars such as Henri de Lubac. This recovery was given further impetus by Dei verbum , the Second Vatican Council's "Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation", and consolidated in the section on scripture Catechism of the Catholic Church (nos. 101–41). These developments gave rise to an approach that emphasizes the "four senses" of scripture within a framework that structures salvation history via the biblical covenants, in combination with the techniques of modern biblical scholarship.

Contents

General description

Covenantal theology has its roots in Patristic interpretation of Scripture, drawing on the theology of history and exegetical methods developed by the Fathers. [1] [ page needed ] Notable for the theology of history are Irenaeus's emphasis on the unity of the Old and New Testaments in Against Heresies [2] [ page needed ] and Augustine's explication of that unity through the "two cities" theme in The City of God [3] [ page needed ] (Books XI–XXII). Closely related are the exegetical methods by which Scripture is explained according to its "spiritual senses". [4] [ page needed ] These developments were organized by the scholastics into the doctrine of the "four senses," encompassing the literal sense and the three spiritual senses (allegorical, moral, and anagogical). [4] [ page needed ] The allegorical sense relates persons, events, and institutions of earlier covenants to those of later covenants (and especially to the New Covenant), thereby situating "spiritual" exegesis within the covenantal theology of history. In the modern period, the Patristic tradition of spiritual exegesis was overshadowed by scholarly focus on the literal sense using historical-critical techniques.[ citation needed ]

A revival of interest in spiritual exegesis began in the late 1950s, led by Henri de Lubac with his pioneering study, Medieval Exegesis. [5] [ page needed ] [6] [ page needed ] [7] [ page needed ] The historical studies of Jean Danielou, such as The Bible and the Liturgy [8] and The Lord of History, [9] were likewise seminal.[ citation needed ] In its "Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation" of 1965, [10] the Second Vatican Council taught that Scripture should be "read and interpreted in light of the same Spirit by whom it was written" (Dei verbum, 12), a Patristic formula associated with spiritual exegesis. [11] [ page needed ] The Catechism of the Catholic Church (1994, 1997) confirmed this teaching and specified that the necessary spiritual interpretation of Scripture should be sought through its four senses (nos. 111, 113, 115–19). [12] [13] [ page needed ]

Encouraged by these developments, covenantal theology has been vigorously pursued from the 1990s onward; a good example of recent work is provided by Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger (Pope Benedict XVI) in Many Religions – One Covenant. [14] [ page needed ] In his discussion of methodology in the foreword to Jesus of Nazareth, the same author notes that "there are dimensions of the word that the old doctrine of the fourfold sense of Scripture pinpointed with remarkable accuracy," supporting a "Christological hermeneutic, which sees Jesus Christ as the key to the whole and learns from him to understand the Bible as a unity." [15]

Covenantal theology is distinctive in its emphasis of the following tenets:

Covenantal theology is reflected, with varying emphases, in the works of contemporary authors such as Scott Hahn (1998, 1999), Timothy Gray (1998), Edward Sri (1999, 2005), Michael Barber (2001, 2005), and Brant Pitre (2005, 2006).

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References

  1. ↑ Wilken 2003.
  2. ↑ Fathers, New Advent.
  3. ↑ Fathers, New Advent.
  4. 1 2 de Lubac 1984b.
  5. ↑ de Lubac 1998.
  6. ↑ de Lubac 2000.
  7. ↑ Wood 1998.
  8. ↑ Danielou 1956.
  9. ↑ Danielou 1958.
  10. ↑ Dei verbum, Rome, IT: The Vatican, archived from the original on May 31, 2014.
  11. ↑ de la Potterie 1988.
  12. ↑ The Vatican, Rome, IT, archived from the original on 2014-08-16.
  13. ↑ de la Potterie 1994.
  14. ↑ Ratzinger 1999.
  15. ↑ Ratzinger 2007.
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