Credit valuation adjustment

CVA related concepts:

The mathematical concept as defined below; A part of the regulatory Capital and RWA (risk-weighted asset) calculation [1] introduced under Basel 3; The CVA desk of an investment bank, whose purpose is to: hedge for possible losses due to counterparty default; hedge to reduce the amount of capital required under the CVA calculation of Basel 3; The "CVA charge". The hedging of the CVA desk has a cost associated to it, i.e. the bank has to buy the hedging instrument. This cost is then allocated to each business line of an investment bank (usually as a contra revenue). This allocated cost is called the "CVA Charge".

A Credit valuation adjustment (CVA), ^{[lower-alpha 1]} in financial mathematics, is an "adjustment" to a derivative's price, as charged by a bank to a counterparty to compensate it for taking on the credit risk of that counterparty during the life of the transaction. CVA is one of a family of related valuation adjustments, collectively xVA; for further context here see Financial economics § Derivative pricing. "CVA" can refer more generally to several related concepts, as delineated aside. The most common transactions attracting CVA involve interest rate derivatives, foreign exchange derivatives, and combinations thereof. CVA has a specific capital charge under Basel III, and may also result in earnings volatility under IFRS 13, and is therefore managed by a specialized desk.

Calculation

Further information: XVA § Valuation adjustments

In financial mathematics one defines CVA as the difference between the risk-free portfolio value and the true portfolio value that takes into account the possibility of a counterparty's default. In other words, CVA is the market value of counterparty credit risk. This price adjustment will depend on counterparty credit spreads as well as on the market risk factors that drive derivatives' values and, therefore, exposure. It is typically calculated under a simulation framework. ^{[4] [5] [6]} (Which can become computationally intensive; see ^{[lower-alpha 2]} .)

Risk-neutral expectation

Unilateral CVA is given by the risk-neutral expectation of the discounted loss. The risk-neutral expectation can be written ^{[2] [8]} as

${\displaystyle \mathrm {CVA(T)} =E^{Q}[L^{*}]=\int _{0}^{T}E^{Q}\left[\left.LGD{\frac {B_{0}}{B_{t}}}E(t)\;\right|\;t=\tau \right]d\mathrm {PD} (0,t)}$

where ${\displaystyle T}$  is the maturity of the longest transaction in the portfolio, ${\displaystyle B_{t}}$ is the future value of one unit of the base currency invested today at the prevailing interest rate for maturity ${\displaystyle t}$, ${\displaystyle LGD}$ is the loss given default, ${\displaystyle \tau }$ is the time of default, ${\displaystyle E(t)}$ is the exposure at time ${\displaystyle t}$, and ${\displaystyle \mathrm {PD} (s,t)}$ is the risk neutral probability of counterparty default between times ${\displaystyle s}$ and ${\displaystyle t}$. These probabilities can be obtained from the term structure of credit default swap (CDS) spreads.

Exposure, independent of counterparty default

Assuming independence between exposure and counterparty's credit quality greatly simplifies the analysis. Under this assumption this simplifies to

${\displaystyle \mathrm {CVA} =LGD\int _{0}^{T}\mathrm {EE} ^{*}(t)~d\mathrm {PD} (0,t)}$

where ${\displaystyle \mathrm {EE} ^{*}}$ is the risk-neutral discounted expected exposure (EE):

${\displaystyle \mathrm {EE} ^{*}(t)=\mathbb {E} \left\lbrack {{\frac {B_{0}}{B_{t}}}~E(t)}\right\rbrack }$

Approximation

The full calculation of CVA, as above, is via a Monte-Carlo simulation on all risk factors; this is computationally demanding. There exists a simple approximation for CVA, sometimes referred to as the "net current exposure method". ^[5] This consists in: buying default protection, typically a Credit Default Swap, netted for each counterparty; and the CDS price may then be used to back out the CVA charge. ^{[5] [9]}

Accounting treatment

The CVA charge may be seen as an accounting adjustment made to reserve a portion of profits on uncollateralized financial derivatives. These reserved profits can be viewed as the net present value of the credit risk embedded in the transaction. Thus, as outlined, under IFRS 13 changes in counterparty risk will result in earnings volatility; see XVA § Accounting impact and next section.

Function of the CVA desk

Further information: XVA § Accounting impact, and Financial risk management § Banking

In the course of trading and investing, Tier 1 investment banks generate counterparty EPE and ENE (expected positive/negative exposure). Whereas historically, this exposure was a concern of both the Front Office trading desk and Middle Office finance teams, increasingly CVA pricing and hedging is under the "ownership" of a centralized CVA desk. ^{[10] [11]}

In particular, this desk addresses volatility in earnings due to the IFRS 13 accounting standard requiring that CVA be considered in mark-to-market accounting. The hedging here focuses on addressing changes to the counterparty's credit worthiness, offsetting potential future exposure at a given quantile. Further, since under Basel III, banks are required to hold specific regulatory capital on the net CVA-risk, ^[5] the CVA desk is responsible also for managing (minimizing) the capital requirements under Basel.

See also

• Financial derivative
• Potential future exposure
• XVA

Notes

1. A good introduction can be found in a paper by Michael Pykhtin and Steven Zhu. ^[2] Karlsson et al. (2016) present a numerical efficient method for calculating expected exposure, potential future exposure and CVA for interest rate derivatives, in particular Bermudan swaptions. ^[3]
2. According to the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision's July 2015 consultation document regarding CVA calculations, if CVA is calculated using 100 timesteps with 10,000 scenarios per timestep, 1 million simulations are required to compute the value of CVA. Calculating CVA risk would require 250 daily market risk scenarios over the 12-month stress period. CVA has to be calculated for each market risk scenario, resulting in 250 million simulations. These calculations have to be repeated across 6 risk types and 5 liquidity horizons, resulting in potentially 8.75 billion simulations. ^[7]

References

1. Basel Committee (2020). Credit valuation adjustment framework
2. Pykhtin, M.; Zhu, S. (July 2007). "A Guide to Modeling Counterparty Credit Risk". GARP Risk Review.
3. Patrik Karlsson, Shashi Jain. and Cornelis W. Oosterlee (2016). "Credit Exposures for Interest Rate Derivatives using the Stochastic Grid Bundling Method". Applied Mathematical Finance.
4. John Hull (May 3, 2016). "Valuation Adjustments 1". fincad.com.
5. Harvey Stein (2012). "Counterparty Risk, CVA, and Basel III"
6. CVA calculation example: Monte-Carlo with Python
7. Alvin Lee (17 August 2015). "The Triple Convergence Of Credit Valuation Adjustment (CVA)". Global Trading. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
8. European Banking Authority (25 February 2015). "EBA Report on CVA" (PDF). EBA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-07.
9. "Example calculation". 7 October 2013. Archived from the original on 2023-06-03.
10. Kenneth Kapner and Charles Gates (2016). "The Long and Short of It: An Overview of XVA". GFMI
11. James Lee (2010). Counterparty credit risk pricing, assessment, and dynamic hedging, Citigroup Global Markets

External links

• Corporate Finance Institute (N.D.). Credit Valuation Adjustment (CVA)
• Laura Ballotta, Gianluca Fusai and Marina Marena (2016). "A Gentle Introduction to Default Risk and Counterparty Credit Modelling". SSRN   281635