Crispin Gardiner

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Crispin Gardiner
CrispinWGardiner.png
Crispin Gardiner (2000)
Born
Crispin William Gardiner

(1942-10-18) 18 October 1942 (age 81)
Relatives Pauline Gardiner (sister)
Crispin Gardiner
Alma mater
Known for Stochastic methods
Quantum noise
Quantum optics
Ultracold Atoms
Scientific career
Institutions
Thesis Topics in Elementary Particle Physics  (1968)
Doctoral advisor Richard Dalitz
Doctoral students Peter Drummond
Website www.otago.ac.nz/physics/staff/

Crispin William Gardiner (born 18 October 1942) is a New Zealand physicist, who has worked in the fields of quantum optics, ultracold atoms and stochastic processes. He has written about 120 journal articles and several books in the fields of quantum optics, stochastic processes and ultracold atoms. [1]

Contents

Education

Born in Hastings New Zealand, Crispin Gardiner completed his undergraduate studies at the University of Auckland (B. Sc. 1964, M. Sc. 1965). He was awarded a research scholarship by the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 in 1965, under which received his DPhil in 1968 from the Oxford University for research in elementary particle physics.

Career

Following his DPhil, Gardiner completed postdoctoral research in the group of George Sudarshan at the Syracuse University.

University of Waikato, 1970–1995

Gardiner was appointed to the faculty of the Physics Department of the University of Waikato in 1970, and was awarded a personal chair in physics in 1992, a position held until 1995. When Gardiner arrived, the University of Waikato was only 5 years old, while the School of Science, which covered Physics, Mathematics, Chemistry, Biology and Earth Science, had only commenced teaching at the beginning of 1970, and no research facilities had been established. [2]

Dan Walls took up a position at Waikato in 1972, [3] and, working together, he and Gardiner established a major research centre for theoretical quantum optics at Waikato, building active and productive collaborations with groups throughout the world. [3]

During this period

Work in early childhood education, 1971–1991

A very significant part of Gardiner's activity over the years 1971-1991 was as a parent activist, administrator and government consultant in New Zealand early childhood education. During this period very significant expansion of recognition, provision and government funding for early childhood education occurred.

In particular [15] [16]

Independent researcher at Victoria University of Wellington, 1995–2005

In 1995 he left the University of Waikato and for the next nine years worked as an independently funded researcher affiliated to Victoria University of Wellington. This was funded by the New Zealand R&D system, which was willing to fund individuals outside established institutions, and was motivated by the opportunity to leave the increasingly bureaucratic New Zealand University system. [17] During this period his work concentrated on the physics of Ultracold atoms, developing a collaboration with Rob Ballagh of the University of Otago. They produced number of influential scientific publications, mainly concentrating on kinetic processes in Bose–Einstein condensates, funded by successive research contracts with the Marsden Fund [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] and in particular seven papers on quantum kinetic theory . [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30]

Gardiner characterised this period as "In terms of productivity, it has been the best 10 years research of my life." [17]

University of Otago, 2005–2013

In 2005 he was appointed as a Research Professor at the University of Otago. In this period he was active in developing the University of Otago as a major research centre in ultracold atoms, photonics and quantum optics, which was named the Jack Dodd Centre, after former Otago professor Jack Dodd. During this period there was a major reorganisation of government research funding, commencing in 2006, which he and Rob Ballagh strongly criticised, [31] on the grounds that this would exclude university research from any major funding. Ultimately this aspect of the funding reform was not implemented, and in 2007 the Jack Dodd Centre was awarded a $6.4 million research contract [32] by the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology.

From that time on, as director of the Jack Dodd Centre, his role developed more into that of a research leader until his retirement in early 2013.

Retirement

On retirement he became an honorary professor at the University of Otago and in 2016 he accepted a position as visiting fellow at the Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) in Innsbruck.

During this period he and Peter Zoller wrote the three books of The Quantum World of Ultra-Cold Atoms and Light. [33]

Books

Awards and honours

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bose–Einstein condensate</span> State of matter

In condensed matter physics, a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that is typically formed when a gas of bosons at very low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero. Under such conditions, a large fraction of bosons occupy the lowest quantum state, at which microscopic quantum-mechanical phenomena, particularly wavefunction interference, become apparent macroscopically. More generally, condensation refers to the appearance of macroscopic occupation of one or several states: for example, in BCS theory, a superconductor is a condensate of Cooper pairs. As such, condensation can be associated with phase transition, and the macroscopic occupation of the state is the order parameter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Topological order</span> Type of order at absolute zero

In physics, topological order is a kind of order in the zero-temperature phase of matter. Macroscopically, topological order is defined and described by robust ground state degeneracy and quantized non-Abelian geometric phases of degenerate ground states. Microscopically, topological orders correspond to patterns of long-range quantum entanglement. States with different topological orders cannot change into each other without a phase transition.

In physics, the Tsallis entropy is a generalization of the standard Boltzmann–Gibbs entropy. It is proportional to the expectation of the q-logarithm of a distribution.

The classical-map hypernetted-chain method is a method used in many-body theoretical physics for interacting uniform electron liquids in two and three dimensions, and for non-ideal plasmas. The method extends the famous hypernetted-chain method (HNC) introduced by J. M. J van Leeuwen et al. to quantum fluids as well. The classical HNC, together with the Percus–Yevick approximation, are the two pillars which bear the brunt of most calculations in the theory of interacting classical fluids. Also, HNC and PY have become important in providing basic reference schemes in the theory of fluids, and hence they are of great importance to the physics of many-particle systems.

The Bose–Hubbard model gives a description of the physics of interacting spinless bosons on a lattice. It is closely related to the Hubbard model that originated in solid-state physics as an approximate description of superconducting systems and the motion of electrons between the atoms of a crystalline solid. The model was introduced by Gersch and Knollman in 1963 in the context of granular superconductors. The model rose to prominence in the 1980s after it was found to capture the essence of the superfluid-insulator transition in a way that was much more mathematically tractable than fermionic metal-insulator models.

Quantum annealing (QA) is an optimization process for finding the global minimum of a given objective function over a given set of candidate solutions, by a process using quantum fluctuations. Quantum annealing is used mainly for problems where the search space is discrete with many local minima; such as finding the ground state of a spin glass or the traveling salesman problem. The term "quantum annealing" was first proposed in 1988 by B. Apolloni, N. Cesa Bianchi and D. De Falco as a quantum-inspired classical algorithm. It was formulated in its present form by T. Kadowaki and H. Nishimori in 1998 though an imaginary-time variant without quantum coherence had been discussed by A. B. Finnila, M. A. Gomez, C. Sebenik and J. D. Doll in 1994.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peter Zoller</span> Austrian theoretical physicist

Peter Zoller is a theoretical physicist from Austria. He is professor at the University of Innsbruck and works on quantum optics and quantum information and is best known for his pioneering research on quantum computing and quantum communication and for bridging quantum optics and solid state physics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Landau–Zener formula</span> Formula for the probability that a system will change between two energy states.

The Landau–Zener formula is an analytic solution to the equations of motion governing the transition dynamics of a two-state quantum system, with a time-dependent Hamiltonian varying such that the energy separation of the two states is a linear function of time. The formula, giving the probability of a diabatic transition between the two energy states, was published separately by Lev Landau, Clarence Zener, Ernst Stueckelberg, and Ettore Majorana, in 1932.

In magnetism, a nanomagnet is a nanoscopic scale system that presents spontaneous magnetic order (magnetization) at zero applied magnetic field (remanence).

A composite fermion is the topological bound state of an electron and an even number of quantized vortices, sometimes visually pictured as the bound state of an electron and, attached, an even number of magnetic flux quanta. Composite fermions were originally envisioned in the context of the fractional quantum Hall effect, but subsequently took on a life of their own, exhibiting many other consequences and phenomena.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trojan wave packet</span> Wave packet that is nonstationary and nonspreading

A trojan wave packet is a wave packet that is nonstationary and nonspreading. It is part of an artificially created system that consists of a nucleus and one or more electron wave packets, and that is highly excited under a continuous electromagnetic field. Its discovery as one of significant contributions to the Quantum Theory was awarded the 2022 Wigner Medal for Iwo Bialynicki-Birula

The Aharonov–Casher effect is a quantum mechanical phenomenon predicted in 1984 by Yakir Aharonov and Aharon Casher, in which a traveling magnetic dipole is affected by an electric field. It is dual to the Aharonov–Bohm effect, in which the quantum phase of a charged particle depends upon which side of a magnetic flux tube it comes through. In the Aharonov–Casher effect, the particle has a magnetic moment and the tubes are charged instead. It was observed in a gravitational neutron interferometer in 1989 and later by fluxon interference of magnetic vortices in Josephson junctions. It has also been seen with electrons and atoms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jaynes–Cummings–Hubbard model</span> Model in quantum optics

The Jaynes–Cummings–Hubbard (JCH) model is a many-body quantum system modeling the quantum phase transition of light. As the name suggests, the Jaynes–Cummings–Hubbard model is a variant on the Jaynes–Cummings model; a one-dimensional JCH model consists of a chain of N coupled single-mode cavities, each with a two-level atom. Unlike in the competing Bose–Hubbard model, Jaynes–Cummings–Hubbard dynamics depend on photonic and atomic degrees of freedom and hence require strong-coupling theory for treatment. One method for realizing an experimental model of the system uses circularly-linked superconducting qubits.

The quantum jump method, also known as the Monte Carlo wave function (MCWF) is a technique in computational physics used for simulating open quantum systems and quantum dissipation. The quantum jump method was developed by Dalibard, Castin and Mølmer at a similar time to the similar method known as Quantum Trajectory Theory developed by Carmichael. Other contemporaneous works on wave-function-based Monte Carlo approaches to open quantum systems include those of Dum, Zoller and Ritsch and Hegerfeldt and Wilser.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scissors Modes</span> Collective excitations

Scissors Modes are collective excitations in which two particle systems move with respect to each other conserving their shape. For the first time they were predicted to occur in deformed atomic nuclei by N. LoIudice and F. Palumbo, who used a semiclassical Two Rotor Model, whose solution required a realization of the O(4) algebra that was not known in mathematics. In this model protons and neutrons were assumed to form two interacting rotors to be identified with the blades of scissors. Their relative motion (Fig.1) generates a magnetic dipole moment whose coupling with the electromagnetic field provides the signature of the mode.

Stochastic thermodynamics is an emergent field of research in statistical mechanics that uses stochastic variables to better understand the non-equilibrium dynamics present in many microscopic systems such as colloidal particles, biopolymers, enzymes, and molecular motors.

Quantum Trajectory Theory (QTT) is a formulation of quantum mechanics used for simulating open quantum systems, quantum dissipation and single quantum systems. It was developed by Howard Carmichael in the early 1990s around the same time as the similar formulation, known as the quantum jump method or Monte Carlo wave function (MCWF) method, developed by Dalibard, Castin and Mølmer. Other contemporaneous works on wave-function-based Monte Carlo approaches to open quantum systems include those of Dum, Zoller and Ritsch, and Hegerfeldt and Wilser.

Tin-Lun "Jason" Ho is a Chinese-American theoretical physicist, specializing in condensed matter theory, quantum gases, and Bose-Einstein condensates. He is known for the Mermin-Ho relation.

Christopher John Pethick is a British theoretical physicist, specializing in many-body theory, ultra-cold atomic gases, and the physics of neutron stars and stellar collapse.

Leo Radzihovsky is a Russian American condensed matter physicist and academic serving as a professor of Distinction in Physics at the University of Colorado Boulder.

References

  1. "Crispin Gardiner's Google Scholar page".
  2. Celebrating 40 years of Science & Engineering. University of Waikato. 2009.
  3. 1 2 Knight, Peter; Milburn, Gerard J. (2015). "Daniel Frank Walls FRSNZ. 13 September 1942 — 12 May 1999". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society . 61. Royal Society publishing: 531–540. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2014.0019. ISSN   0080-4606. S2CID   77660162.
  4. Drummond, P D; Gardiner, C W (1980). "Generalised P-Representations in Quantum Optics". J Phys A. 13 (7): 2353–2368. Bibcode:1980JPhA...13.2353D. doi:10.1088/0305-4470/13/7/018..
  5. Gardiner, C W; Collett, M J (1985). "Input and Output in Damped Quantum Systems—Quantum stochastic Differential equations and the master equation". Physical Review A. 31 (6): 3761–3774. Bibcode:1985PhRvA..31.3761G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.31.3761. PMID   9895956.
  6. Collett, M J; Gardiner, C W (1984). "Squeezing of Intracavity and Travelling Wave Light Fields Produced in Parametric Amplification". Physical Review A. 30 (3): 1386–1391. Bibcode:1984PhRvA..30.1386C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.30.1386.
  7. Stochastic Methods. Springer, (Berlin, Heidelberg and New York) 4th ed. 2004, ISBN   978-3-540-70712-7 .
  8. R P P P Grasman, E-J Wagenmakers, Rescue the Gardiner Book, J Math Psychology 50 (2006) 431-435
  9. Gardiner, C W (1986). "Inhibition of Atomic Phase Decays by Squeezed Light: A Direct Effect of Squeezing". Physical Review Letters. 56 (18): 1917–1920. Bibcode:1986PhRvL..56.1917G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.56.1917. PMID   10032810.
  10. Murch, K W; Weber, S J; Beck, K M; Ginossar, E; Sidiqi, I (2013). "Reduction of the radiative decay of atomic coherence in squeezed vacuum". Nature. 499 (7456): 62–65. arXiv: 1301.6276 . Bibcode:2013Natur.499...62M. doi:10.1038/nature12264. PMID   23823794. S2CID   205234358.
  11. Quantum Noise. Springer, (Berlin, Heidelberg and New York) 3rd ed. 2004, ISBN   3-540-22301-0 .
  12. C W J Beenakker, Quantum Noise, J Phys A 38 (2005), p7595
  13. Carmichael, H J (1993). "Quantum trajectory theory for cascaded open systems". Physical Review Letters. 70 (15): 2273–2276. Bibcode:1993PhRvL..70.2273C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.2273. PMID   10053519.
  14. Gardiner, C W (1993). "Driving a quantum system with the output field from another driven quantum system". Physical Review Letters. 70 (15): 2269–2272. Bibcode:1993PhRvL..70.2269G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.2269. PMID   10053518.
  15. Helen May. Concerning Women Considering Children: Battles of the NZ Childcare Association 1963-2003. Te Tari Puna Ora o Aotearoa/New Zealand Childcare Association. Wellington, N.Z.
  16. May, H; Card, A.; Carroll-Lind, J. Ngā kohinga kōrero a te aumangea: Kia mana te ara kōhungahunga ki Aotearoa: Life stories on the frontline: Growing a childcare movement in Aotearoa. Wellington, New Zealand: Te Rito Maioha Early Childhood New Zealand.
  17. 1 2 "The Insider New Zealand–Time to go it alone?". New Scientist: 57. 16 July 2005.
  18. Gardiner, C W (1997). "Particle-number-conserving Bogoliubov method which demonstrates the validity of the time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equation for a highly condensed Bose gas". Physical Review A. 56 (2): 1414–1423. arXiv: quant-ph/9703005 . Bibcode:1997PhRvA..56.1414G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.56.1414. S2CID   118927457.
  19. Gardiner, C W; Zoller, P; Ballagh, R J; Davis, M J (1997). "Kinetics of Bose-Einstein condensation in a trap". Physical Review Letters. 79 (10): 1793–1796. arXiv: quant-ph/9707037 . Bibcode:1997PhRvL..79.1793G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.1793. S2CID   11879261.
  20. Jaksch, D; Bruder, C; Cirac, J I; Gardiner, C W; Zoller, P (1998). "Cold bosonic atoms in optical lattices". Physical Review Letters. 81 (15): 3108–3111. arXiv: cond-mat/9805329 . Bibcode:1998PhRvL..81.3108J. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.3108. S2CID   55578669.
  21. Penckwitt, A A; Ballagh, R J; Gardiner, C W (2002). "Nucleation, growth, and stabilization of Bose-Einstein condensate vortex lattices". Physical Review Letters. 89 (26): 260402. arXiv: cond-mat/0205037 . Bibcode:2002PhRvL..89z0402P. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.89.260402. PMID   12484806.
  22. Gardiner, CW; Anglin, J R; Fudge, T I A (2002). "The stochastic Gross–Pitaevskii equation". J Phys B. 35 (6): 1555–1582. arXiv: cond-mat/0112129 . Bibcode:2002JPhB...35.1555G. doi:10.1088/0953-4075/35/6/310.
  23. Gardiner, CW; Davis, M J (2003). "The stochastic Gross–Pitaevskii equation: II". J Phys B. 36 (23): 4731–4753. arXiv: cond-mat/0308044 . Bibcode:2003JPhB...36.4731G. doi:10.1088/0953-4075/36/23/010. S2CID   43776114.
  24. Gardiner, C W; Zoller, P (1997). "Quantum kinetic theory: A quantum kinetic master equation for condensation of a weakly interacting Bose gas without a trapping potential". Physical Review A. 55 (4): 2902–2921. arXiv: quant-ph/9611043 . Bibcode:1997PhRvA..55.2902G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.55.2902. S2CID   119362659.
  25. Jaksch, D; Gardiner, C W; Zoller, P (1997). "Quantum kinetic theory II". Physical Review A. 56: 575–586. arXiv: quant-ph/9701008 . doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.56.575. S2CID   119539688.
  26. Gardiner, C W; Zoller, P (1998). "Quantum kinetic theory III: Quantum kinetic master equation for strongly condensed trapped systems". Physical Review A. 58 (1): 536. arXiv: cond-mat/9712002 . Bibcode:1998PhRvA..58..536G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.58.536. S2CID   118983506.
  27. Jaksch, D; Gardiner, C W; Gheri, K M; Zoller, P (1998). "Quantum kinetic theory IV: Intensity and amplitude fluctuations of a Bose-Einstein condensate at finite temperature including trap loss". Physical Review A. 58 (2): 1450. arXiv: cond-mat/9712206 . Bibcode:1998PhRvA..58.1450J. doi:10.1103/physreva.58.1450. S2CID   119075101.
  28. Gardiner, C W; Zoller, P (2000). "Quantum kinetic theory V: Quantum kinetic master equation for mutual interaction of condensate and noncondensate". Physical Review A. 61 (3): 033601. arXiv: cond-mat/9905087 . Bibcode:2000PhRvA..61c3601G. doi:10.1103/physreva.61.033601. S2CID   119472927.
  29. Lee, M D; Gardiner, C W (2000). "Quantum kinetic theory VI: The growth of a Bose-Einstein condensate". Physical Review A. 62 (3): 033606. arXiv: cond-mat/9912420 . Bibcode:2000PhRvA..62c3606L. doi:10.1103/physreva.62.033606. S2CID   119399188.
  30. Davis, M J; Gardiner, C W; Ballagh, R J (2000). "Quantum kinetic theory VII: The influence of vapor dynamics on condensate growth" (PDF). Physical Review A. 62 (6): 063608. arXiv: cond-mat/9912439 . Bibcode:2000PhRvA..62f3608D. doi:10.1103/physreva.62.063608. S2CID   119012323.
  31. Gardiner, Crispin; Ballagh, Rob (31 May 2006). "Science short-changed". Dominion Post. Wellington.
  32. "Otago Physicists Get a Cool $7m". Otago Daily Times. 19 July 2006.
  33. See Quantum World Webpage Archived 12 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine .