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In aphasia,a person may be unable to comprehend or unable to formulate language because of damage to specific brain regions. The major causes are stroke and head trauma;prevalence is hard to determine,but aphasia due to stroke is estimated to be 0.1–0.4% in the Global North. Aphasia can also be the result of brain tumors,epilepsy,autoimmune neurological diseases,brain infections,or neurodegenerative diseases.
Expressive aphasia is a type of aphasia characterized by partial loss of the ability to produce language,although comprehension generally remains intact. A person with expressive aphasia will exhibit effortful speech. Speech generally includes important content words but leaves out function words that have more grammatical significance than physical meaning,such as prepositions and articles. This is known as "telegraphic speech". The person's intended message may still be understood,but their sentence will not be grammatically correct. In very severe forms of expressive aphasia,a person may only speak using single word utterances. Typically,comprehension is mildly to moderately impaired in expressive aphasia due to difficulty understanding complex grammar.
Wernicke's aphasia,also known as receptive aphasia,sensory aphasia,fluent aphasia,or posterior aphasia,is a type of aphasia in which individuals have difficulty understanding written and spoken language. Patients with Wernicke's aphasia demonstrate fluent speech,which is characterized by typical speech rate,intact syntactic abilities and effortless speech output. Writing often reflects speech in that it tends to lack content or meaning. In most cases,motor deficits do not occur in individuals with Wernicke's aphasia. Therefore,they may produce a large amount of speech without much meaning. Individuals with Wernicke's aphasia often suffer of anosognosia –they are unaware of their errors in speech and do not realize their speech may lack meaning. They typically remain unaware of even their most profound language deficits.
Neurolinguistics is the study of neural mechanisms in the human brain that control the comprehension,production,and acquisition of language. As an interdisciplinary field,neurolinguistics draws methods and theories from fields such as neuroscience,linguistics,cognitive science,communication disorders and neuropsychology. Researchers are drawn to the field from a variety of backgrounds,bringing along a variety of experimental techniques as well as widely varying theoretical perspectives. Much work in neurolinguistics is informed by models in psycholinguistics and theoretical linguistics,and is focused on investigating how the brain can implement the processes that theoretical and psycholinguistics propose are necessary in producing and comprehending language. Neurolinguists study the physiological mechanisms by which the brain processes information related to language,and evaluate linguistic and psycholinguistic theories,using aphasiology,brain imaging,electrophysiology,and computer modeling.
Aphasiology is the study of language impairment usually resulting from brain damage,due to neurovascular accident—hemorrhage,stroke—or associated with a variety of neurodegenerative diseases,including different types of dementia. These specific language deficits,termed aphasias,may be defined as impairments of language production or comprehension that cannot be attributed to trivial causes such as deafness or oral paralysis. A number of aphasias have been described,but two are best known:expressive aphasia and receptive aphasia.
Anomic aphasia is a mild,fluent type of aphasia where individuals have word retrieval failures and cannot express the words they want to say. By contrast,anomia is a deficit of expressive language,and a symptom of all forms of aphasia,but patients whose primary deficit is word retrieval are diagnosed with anomic aphasia. Individuals with aphasia who display anomia can often describe an object in detail and maybe even use hand gestures to demonstrate how the object is used,but cannot find the appropriate word to name the object. Patients with anomic aphasia have relatively preserved speech fluency,repetition,comprehension,and grammatical speech.
Wernicke's area,also called Wernicke's speech area,is one of the two parts of the cerebral cortex that are linked to speech,the other being Broca's area. It is involved in the comprehension of written and spoken language,in contrast to Broca's area,which is primarily involved in the production of language. It is traditionally thought to reside in Brodmann area 22,which is located in the superior temporal gyrus in the dominant cerebral hemisphere,which is the left hemisphere in about 95% of right-handed individuals and 70% of left-handed individuals.
Global aphasia is a severe form of nonfluent aphasia,caused by damage to the left side of the brain,that affects receptive and expressive language skills as well as auditory and visual comprehension. Acquired impairments of communicative abilities are present across all language modalities,impacting language production,comprehension,and repetition. Patients with global aphasia may be able to verbalize a few short utterances and use non-word neologisms,but their overall production ability is limited. Their ability to repeat words,utterances,or phrases is also affected. Due to the preservation of the right hemisphere,an individual with global aphasia may still be able to express themselves through facial expressions,gestures,and intonation. This type of aphasia often results from a large lesion of the left perisylvian cortex. The lesion is caused by an occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery and is associated with damage to Broca's area,Wernicke's area,and insular regions which are associated with aspects of language.
Transcortical sensory aphasia (TSA) is a kind of aphasia that involves damage to specific areas of the temporal lobe of the brain,resulting in symptoms such as poor auditory comprehension,relatively intact repetition,and fluent speech with semantic paraphasias present. TSA is a fluent aphasia similar to Wernicke's aphasia,with the exception of a strong ability to repeat words and phrases. The person may repeat questions rather than answer them ("echolalia").
Neuroplasticity,also known as neural plasticity or brain plasticity,is the ability of neural networks in the brain to change through growth and reorganization. It is when the brain is rewired to function in some way that differs from how it previously functioned. These changes range from individual neuron pathways making new connections,to systematic adjustments like cortical remapping or neural oscillation. Other forms of neuroplasticity include homologous area adaptation,cross modal reassignment,map expansion,and compensatory masquerade. Examples of neuroplasticity include circuit and network changes that result from learning a new ability,information acquisition,environmental influences,pregnancy,caloric intake,practice/training,and psychological stress.
Transcortical motor aphasia (TMoA),also known as commissural dysphasia or white matter dysphasia,results from damage in the anterior superior frontal lobe of the language-dominant hemisphere. This damage is typically due to cerebrovascular accident (CVA). TMoA is generally characterized by reduced speech output,which is a result of dysfunction of the affected region of the brain. The left hemisphere is usually responsible for performing language functions,although left-handed individuals have been shown to perform language functions using either their left or right hemisphere depending on the individual. The anterior frontal lobes of the language-dominant hemisphere are essential for initiating and maintaining speech. Because of this,individuals with TMoA often present with difficulty in speech maintenance and initiation.
Progressive nonfluent aphasia (PNFA) is one of three clinical syndromes associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration. PNFA has an insidious onset of language deficits over time as opposed to other stroke-based aphasias,which occur acutely following trauma to the brain. The specific degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes in PNFA creates hallmark language deficits differentiating this disorder from other Alzheimer-type disorders by the initial absence of other cognitive and memory deficits. This disorder commonly has a primary effect on the left hemisphere,causing the symptomatic display of expressive language deficits and sometimes may disrupt receptive abilities in comprehending grammatically complex language.
In neuropathy,primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a type of neurological syndrome in which language capabilities slowly and progressively become impaired. As with other types of aphasia,the symptoms that accompany PPA depend on what parts of the brain's left hemisphere are significantly damaged. However,unlike most other aphasias,PPA results from continuous deterioration in brain tissue,which leads to early symptoms being far less detrimental than later symptoms.
Speech is the use of the human voice as a medium for language. Spoken language combines vowel and consonant sounds to form units of meaning like words,which belong to a language's lexicon. There are many different intentional speech acts,such as informing,declaring,asking,persuading,directing;acts may vary in various aspects like enunciation,intonation,loudness,and tempo to convey meaning. Individuals may also unintentionally communicate aspects of their social position through speech,such as sex,age,place of origin,physiological and mental condition,education,and experiences.
Agrammatism is a characteristic of non-fluent aphasia. Individuals with agrammatism present with speech that is characterized by containing mainly content words,with a lack of function words. For example,when asked to describe a picture of children playing in the park,the affected individual responds with,"trees..children..run." People with agrammatism may have telegraphic speech,a unique speech pattern with simplified formation of sentences,akin to that found in telegraph messages. Deficits in agrammaticism are often language-specific,however—in other words,"agrammaticism" in speakers of one language may present differently from in speakers of another.
Paraphasia is a type of language output error commonly associated with aphasia,and characterized by the production of unintended syllables,words,or phrases during the effort to speak. Paraphasic errors are most common in patients with fluent forms of aphasia,and come in three forms:phonemic or literal,neologistic,and verbal. Paraphasias can affect metrical information,segmental information,number of syllables,or both. Some paraphasias preserve the meter without segmentation,and some do the opposite. However,most paraphasias affect both partially.
Neuroscience of multilingualism is the study of multilingualism within the field of neurology. These studies include the representation of different language systems in the brain,the effects of multilingualism on the brain's structural plasticity,aphasia in multilingual individuals,and bimodal bilinguals. Neurological studies of multilingualism are carried out with functional neuroimaging,electrophysiology,and through observation of people who have suffered brain damage.
Right hemisphere brain damage (RHD) is the result of injury to the right cerebral hemisphere. The right hemisphere of the brain coordinates tasks for functional communication,which include problem solving,memory,and reasoning. Deficits caused by right hemisphere brain damage vary depending on the location of the damage.
Janna Beth Oetting is an American researcher and speech-language pathologist specializing in the cross-dialectal study of childhood language development and developmental language disorders.
Stephen E. Nadeau is an American behavioral neurologist,researcher and academician. He is a Professor of Neurology at the University of Florida College of Medicine. He is also the Associate Chief of Staff for Research at the Malcolm Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center.
References
- 1 2 3 4 "Cynthia K. Thompson: School of Communication - Northwestern University". communication.northwestern.edu.
- ↑ "Hope for aphasia patients". NIH MedlinePlus Magazine.
- 1 2 Barbieri, Elena; Mack, Jennifer; Chiappetta, Brianne; Europa, Eduardo; Thompson, Cynthia K. (November 1, 2019). "Recovery of offline and online sentence processing in aphasia: Language and domain-general network neuroplasticity". Cortex. 120: 394–418. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2019.06.015. PMC 6825897 . PMID 31419597.
- ↑ "Books by Cynthia K. Thompson". www.pluralpublishing.com.
- 1 2 "Honors of the Association Recipients". American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.
- ↑ "Rewarding Research: Grant agencies award millions to support groundbreaking research in communication sciences and disorders. To find out what's around the bend in CSD, sample some of the largest of these grant-funded investigations". The ASHA Leader. 19 (10): 32–45. October 25, 2014. doi:10.1044/leader.FTR1.19102014.32 – via CrossRef.
- ↑ "Innovation in Promoting the Recovery of Language after Stroke" (PDF).
- 1 2 Kiran, Swathi; Thompson, Cynthia K. (March 25, 2019). "Neuroplasticity of Language Networks in Aphasia: Advances, Updates, and Future Challenges". Frontiers in Neurology. 10: 295. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00295 . PMC 6454116 . PMID 31001187.
- ↑ Lukic, Sladjana; Thompson, Cynthia K.; Barbieri, Elena; Chiappetta, Brianne; Bonakdarpour, Borna; Kiran, Swathi; Rapp, Brenda; Parrish, Todd B.; Caplan, David (January 1, 2021). "Common and distinct neural substrates of sentence production and comprehension". NeuroImage. 224: 117374. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117374. PMC 10134242 . PMID 32949711.
- ↑ Thompson, Cynthia K (March 1, 2003). "Unaccusative verb production in agrammatic aphasia: the argument structure complexity hypothesis". Journal of Neurolinguistics. 16 (2): 151–167. doi:10.1016/S0911-6044(02)00014-3. PMC 3026288 . PMID 21274410.
- ↑ Thompson, Cynthia K. (February 25, 2007). "Complexity in Language Learning and Treatment". American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 16 (1): 3–5. doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2007/002). PMC 3079414 . PMID 17329670.
- ↑ Thompson, Cynthia K.; Shapiro, Lewis P.; Kiran, Swathi; Sobecks, Jana (June 25, 2003). "The Role of Syntactic Complexity in Treatment of Sentence Deficits in Agrammatic Aphasia: The Complexity Account of Treatment Efficacy (CATE)". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 46 (3): 591–607. doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2003/047). PMC 1995234 . PMID 14696988.
- ↑ Thompson, C. K.; Shapiro, L. P. (2007). "Complexity in Treatment of Syntactic Deficits - PMC". American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 16 (1): 30–42. doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2007/005). PMC 2238729 . PMID 17329673.
- ↑ Thompson, Cynthia; Shapiro, Lewis (November 25, 2005). "Treating agrammatic aphasia within a linguistic framework: Treatment of Underlying Forms". Aphasiology. 19 (10–11): 1021–1036. doi:10.1080/02687030544000227. PMC 1847567 . PMID 17410280.
- ↑ Thompson, Cynthia K. (November 22, 2019). "Neurocognitive Recovery of Sentence Processing in Aphasia". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 62 (11): 3947–3972. doi:10.1044/2019_JSLHR-L-RSNP-19-0219. PMC 7203523 . PMID 31756151.
- ↑ "Technology -Treatment of Underlying Forms (TUF)". nulive.technologypublisher.com.
- 1 2 Thompson, Cynthia K. (March 25, 2012). "Northwestern Assessment of Verbs and Sentences (NAVS)" – via Northwestern Scholars.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ Thompson, Cynthia K.; Weintraub, Sandra; Mesulam, M.-Marsel (March 25, 2012). "Northwestern Anagram Test (NAT)" – via Northwestern Scholars.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ "Northwestern Naming Battery" (PDF).
- ↑ "Technology -Northwestern Naming Battery (NNB)". nulive.technologypublisher.com.
- ↑ Hsu, C. J.; Thompson, C. K. (2018). "Manual Versus Automated Narrative Analysis of Agrammatic Production Patterns: The Northwestern Narrative Language Analysis and Computerized Language Analysis - PMC". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 61 (2): 373–385. doi:10.1044/2017_JSLHR-L-17-0185. PMC 7251335 . PMID 29411008.
- ↑ Fromm, Davida; MacWhinney, Brian; Thompson, Cynthia K. (June 22, 2020). "Automation of the Northwestern Narrative Language Analysis System". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 63 (6): 1835–1844. doi:10.1044/2020_JSLHR-19-00267. PMC 7839033 . PMID 32464070.
- ↑ "Fellowship of the Association Recipients". American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.
- ↑ "Walder Award Recipients: Office of the Provost - Northwestern University". www.northwestern.edu.
- ↑ "What the Eyes Tell Us About Language Recovery in Aphasia" (PDF).