David Boucher | |
---|---|
Nationality | British |
Occupation(s) | Political theorist and philosopher |
Academic background | |
Alma mater | University of Wales The London School of Economics The University of Liverpool |
Academic work | |
Institutions | Cardiff University University of Johannesburg |
David Ewart George Boucher FRHistS FAcSS FLSW (born 15 October 1951,Ebbw Vale,Wales) is a Welsh political theorist and philosopher of international relations.
Boucher is a professor at Cardiff University and a distinguished visiting professor at University of Johannesburg. He was vice-president (arts,humanities and social sciences) of The Learned Society of Wales from 2017 to 2020, [1] and is chairman of the trustees of the Collingwood Society. [2]
Boucher is a fellow of the Royal Historical Society,the Academy of Social Sciences [3] and the Learned Society of Wales. [4]
Boucher was born in Ebbw Vale,Wales,in 1951. He studied politics at Swansea University,the London School of Economics and Liverpool University before appointment to a tutorial fellowship at Cardiff University in 1980. He then worked at La Trobe University,Melbourne,and The Australian National University in Canberra,before returning to the United Kingdom to take up a senior lectureship at Swansea University in 1991. [5]
In 2000,Boucher became a professorial fellow at Cardiff University,and the university's first dean of the Graduate School in Humanities. He was head of the School of European Studies;acting head of the Centre for Continuing Adult Education;and deputy pro-vice chancellor for staffing and diversity.[ citation needed ]
Boucher has been chairman of the trustees of the R. G. Collingwood Society since 1993,and is the executive editor of its journal British Idealism and Collingwood Studies. [6] He has held fellowships at The History of Ideas Unit,Australian National University;Christchurch University,Canterbury,New Zealand;Sun Yat Sen University,Taiwan;and is a distinguished visiting professor,University of Johannesburg,South Africa (2016–2026). [7]
From the late 1960s the study of political thought in the Anglo-American tradition became self-reflective in demanding a greater methodological self-awareness. This self-awareness drew very heavily on the work of continental hermeneutic theorists such as Wilhelm Dilthey,Hans-Georg Gadamer and Paul Ricoeur. Historian such as W. H. Greenleaf,Quentin Skinner and J. G. A. Pocock attempted to impose upon the discipline a preferred method of inquiry which excluded the intrusion of present philosophical,practical and moral considerations into an historical inquiry.
Boucher wrote a number of articles criticising such legislative enactments culminating in the first book to give a comprehensive consideration to the sources of their arguments,their logical form and the practicality of their implementation. In Texts in Context Boucher argued that methodological pluralism acted as a brake upon the excesses of idiosyncrasy,and ensured the continuance of a healthy methodological self-awareness. [8] [9]
Boucher's most recent book,Appropriating Hobbes:Legacies in Politics,Law and International Relations (OUP,2018) begins with a justification of the approach taken in the book,focusing upon hermeneutics and particularly the concept of distanciation,incorporating Reinhart Koselleck's distinction between the space of experience and the horizon of expectation. He argues that Hobbes's texts do not stand independently of interpretation,and that each appropriation is a rewriting of the arguments sustained with different patterns of evidence,constrained by the conventions and settled norms of scholarship that enable people to differentiate between fiction and evidentially supported argument. [10] Boucher and Paul Kelly have edited Political Thinkers:From Socrates to the Present. [11]
Boucher's book The Social and Political Thought of R. G. Collingwood discusses R.G. Collingwood's philosophy of European Civilisation. Collingwood's distinctive contribution was to challenge the conventional distinction generally accepted between savagery,barbarism and civilisation. Barbarism was for him a reaction against civilisation.
Collingwood showed that the civilising process has three aspects:the elimination of force in relation to one's fellow members of the body politic,between members of different bodies politic,and between humans and nature. [12] [13] The implications Boucher discussed in a number of articles,including The British Journal of Politics and International Relations (2000),"Collingwood,Tocqueville and the expansion of the moral community". [14]
When Sir Malcolm Knox edited Collingwood's The Idea of History in 1946 he effectively prohibited the further publication of manuscript material,a prohibition to which Collingwood's widow and daughter strictly adhered. In 1989,Boucher was the first person to be granted permission to publish manuscript material from Collingwood's unpublished papers since Sir Malcolm Knox. Essays in Political Philosophy includes extracts from the manuscripts. [15] Boucher has since edited a revised version of Collingwood's The New Leviathan;The Philosophy of Enchantment (with Wendy James and Philip Smallwood); [16] and An Autobiography (with Collingwood's daughter,Teresa Smith). Fred Inglis,the author of History Man:The Life of R. G. Collingwood maintains:"Boucher's own dutiful fidelity makes an indispensable link in the very survival of the social history of a philosopher's thought." [17]
Boucher has from the start maintained an interest in British Idealist political thought which derives its main sources of inspiration from continental Europe. Boucher has published articles on many aspects of British Idealism in such Journals as Storia, History and Theory , Australian Journal of Political Science , Journal of the History of Ideas , History of Political Thought , New Literary History ,and edited The British Idealists for Cambridge University Press. [18]
Boucher jointly authored two further books with Andrew Vincent,British Idealism and Political Theory (Edinburgh University Press,2000), [19] and The British Idealists:A Guide for the Perplexed (Continuum,2011) in which they argued that Idealism is a living philosophy with contributions to be made to contemporary issues. [20]
Through his establishment of the Collingwood and British Idealism Centre in Cardiff with Andrew Vincent and Bruce Haddock,he has,with others contributed to the rehabilitation of British Idealism into mainstream philosophy and history of ideas. [21]
In this field of study,Boucher's main contribution is to argue that the categories of Realism and Idealism,and Cosmopolitanism and Communitarianism,are inadequate for conceptualising the whole of the history of international relations theories.
In Political Theories of International Relations from Thucydides to the Present Boucher suggests that alternative categories are contrived and unable to explain away elements which belong in other traditions. He argues that the history of this subject is best seen in terms of three related categories,Political Realism,Universal Moral Order,and Historical Morality. The elements of all three appear in the works of great writers as they try to come to terms with the standard issues relating to the universal obligations of men and women,and the obligations of citizens to each other. He developed these arguments in published form in relation to Hobbes and Burke,and more generally in trying to conceptualise the whole of the history of international relations thought from Thucydides to the present with reference to such thinkers as Vitoria,Pufendorf and Kant. [22] [23]
One of the traditions,Universal Moral Order,was explored in more depth in The Limits of Ethics in International Relations.In it Boucher argued that universal principles almost invariable entail qualifications for their enjoyment and exercise,and have been,far from liberating,instruments of oppression. He illustrates this with reference to cultural encounters,colonialism,slavery,and gender. Boucher's contribution to the history of thought in international relations is widely acknowledged and his work is cited extensively in the field. [24] [18]
Boucher has applied some of the political theories on which he worked over the years to aspects of popular culture. In Dylan and Cohen:Poets of Rock and Roll,he applied hermeneutic and aesthetic theories to the lyric poetry of Bob Dylan and Leonard Cohen,in order to explore the political culture of their day.
Boucher analysed Dylan's and Cohen's songs in terms of three aesthetic theories,those of Collingwood,Oakeshott and Lorca,in order to differentiate the types of expressions the songs convey to suggest that certain kinds of response are inappropriate to some songs,but may be appropriate to others.
This book has been translated into six languages,including Spanish,Serbian and Polish. It has been re-issued following the death of Leonard Cohen and the conferment of the Nobel Prize for Literature on Bob Dylan. [25] Boucher extended this research to explore the relationship with Bob Dylan,the Beats,and Dylan Thomas. Boucher's most recent work in this area has appeared in The Journal of Popular Music (2013) and Symbiosis (2016). [18]
His most recent book is Bob Dylan and Leonard Cohen:Deaths and Entrances authored with Lucy Boucher.
Political philosophy, or political theory, is the philosophical study of government, addressing questions about the nature, scope, and legitimacy of public agents and institutions and the relationships between them. Its topics include politics, justice, liberty, property, rights, law, and authority: what they are, if they are needed, what makes a government legitimate, what rights and freedoms it should protect, what form it should take, what the law is, and what duties citizens owe to a legitimate government, if any, and when it may be legitimately overthrown, if ever.
Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher, best known for his 1651 book Leviathan, in which he expounds an influential formulation of social contract theory. He is considered to be one of the founders of modern political philosophy.
Thucydides was an Athenian historian and general. His History of the Peloponnesian War recounts the fifth-century BC war between Sparta and Athens until the year 411 BC. Thucydides has been dubbed the father of "scientific history" by those who accept his claims to have applied strict standards of impartiality and evidence-gathering and analysis of cause and effect, without reference to intervention by the gods, as outlined in his introduction to his work.
International relations is an academic discipline. In a broader sense, the study of IR, in addition to multilateral relations, concerns all activities among states—such as war, diplomacy, trade, and foreign policy—as well as relations with and among other international actors, such as intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs), international legal bodies, and multinational corporations (MNCs).
International relations theory is the study of international relations (IR) from a theoretical perspective. It seeks to explain behaviors and outcomes in international politics. The three most prominent schools of thought are realism, liberalism and constructivism. Whereas realism and liberalism make broad and specific predictions about international relations, constructivism and rational choice are methodological approaches that focus on certain types of social explanation for phenomena.
A subset of absolute idealism, British idealism was a philosophical movement that was influential in Britain from the mid-nineteenth century to the early twentieth century. The leading figures in the movement were T. H. Green (1836–1882), F. H. Bradley (1846–1924), and Bernard Bosanquet (1848–1923). They were succeeded by the second generation of J. H. Muirhead (1855–1940), J. M. E. McTaggart (1866–1925), H. H. Joachim (1868–1938), A. E. Taylor (1869–1945), and R. G. Collingwood (1889–1943). The last major figure in the tradition was G. R. G. Mure (1893–1979). Doctrines of early British idealism so provoked the young Cambridge philosophers G. E. Moore and Bertrand Russell that they began a new philosophical tradition, analytic philosophy.
Robin George Collingwood was an English philosopher, historian and archaeologist. He is best known for his philosophical works, including The Principles of Art (1938) and the posthumously published The Idea of History (1946).
Early modern philosophy The early modern era of philosophy was a progressive movement of Western thought, exploring through theories and discourse such topics as mind and matter, is a period in the history of philosophy that overlaps with the beginning of the period known as modern philosophy. It succeeded the medieval era of philosophy. Early modern philosophy is usually thought to have occurred between the 16th and 18th centuries, though some philosophers and historians may put this period slightly earlier. During this time, influential philosophers included Descartes, Locke, Hume, and Kant, all of whom contributed to the current understanding of philosophy.
The national interest is a sovereign state's goals and ambitions – be it economic, military, cultural, or otherwise – taken to be the aim of its government.
Idealism in the foreign policy context holds that a nation-state should make its internal political philosophy the goal of its conduct and rhetoric in international affairs. For example, an idealist might believe that ending poverty at home should be coupled with tackling poverty abroad. Both within and outside of the United States, American president Woodrow Wilson is widely considered an early advocate of idealism and codifier of its practical meaning; specific actions cited include the issuing of the famous "Fourteen Points".
Realism, a school of thought in international relations theory, is a theoretical framework that views world politics as an enduring competition among self-interested states vying for power and positioning within an anarchic global system devoid of a centralized authority. It centers on states as rational primary actors navigating a system shaped by power politics, national interest, and a pursuit of security and self-preservation.
In international relations theory, the concept of anarchy is the idea that the world lacks any supreme authority or sovereignty. In an anarchic state, there is no hierarchically superior, coercive power that can resolve disputes, enforce law, or order the system of international politics. In international relations, anarchy is widely accepted as the starting point for international relations theory.
Crawford Brough Macpherson was an influential Canadian political scientist who taught political theory at the University of Toronto.
Azar Gat is an Israeli researcher of war, nationalism and ideology, and a professor at the School of Political Science, Government, and International Relations at Tel Aviv University. His research combines expertise in the fields of history, evolution, anthropology, and social sciences. He is the author of ten books that deal with the history of military thought, the fundamental questions of war and its causes, the struggles between democratic and non-democratic states, nationalism, and the phenomenon of ideological fixation. His books have been translated into many languages.
Alan James Ryan is a British philosopher. He was Professor of Politics at the University of Oxford. He was also Warden of New College, Oxford, from 1996 to 2009. He retired as Professor Emeritus in September 2015 and lives in Summertown, Oxford.
Sittlichkeit is the concept of "ethical life" or "ethical order" furthered by German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. It was first presented in his work Phenomenology of Spirit (1807) to refer to "ethical behavior grounded in custom and tradition and developed through habit and imitation in accordance with the objective laws of the community" and it was further developed in his work Elements of the Philosophy of Right (1820).
British philosophy refers to the philosophical tradition of the British people. "The native characteristics of British philosophy are these: common sense, dislike of complication, a strong preference for the concrete over the abstract and a certain awkward honesty of method in which an occasional pearl of poetry is embedded".
Classical realism is an international relations theory from the realist school of thought. Realism makes the following assumptions: states are the main actors in the international relations system, there is no supranational international authority, states act in their own self-interest, and states want power for self-preservation. Classical realism differs from other forms of realism in that it places specific emphasis on human nature and domestic politics as the key factor in explaining state behavior and the causes of inter-state conflict. Classical realist theory adopts a pessimistic view of human nature and argues that humans are not inherently benevolent but instead they are self-interested and act out of fear or aggression. Furthermore, it emphasizes that this human nature is reflected by states in international politics due to international anarchy.
Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence is a 1978 book by the philosopher G. A. Cohen, the culmination of his attempts to reformulate Karl Marx's doctrines of alienation, exploitation, and historical materialism. Cohen, who interprets Marxism as a scientific theory of history, applies the techniques of analytic philosophy to the elucidation and defence of Marx's materialist conception of history.