The concept of a carceral archipelago was first used by the French historian and philosopher Michel Foucault in his 1975 publication,Surveiller et Punir,to describe the modern penal system of the 1970s,embodied by the well-known penal institution at Mettray in France. The phrase combines the adjective "carceral",which means that which is related to jail or prison,with archipelago—a group of islands. Foucault referred to the "island" units of the "archipelago" as a metaphor for the mechanisms,technologies,knowledge systems and networks related to a carceral continuum. The 1973 English publication of the book by Solzhenitsyn called The Gulag Archipelago referred to the forced labor camps and prisons that composed the sprawling carceral network of the Soviet Gulag.
Transformative justice is a spectrum of social,economic,legal,and political practices and philosophies that aim to focus on the structures and underlying conditions that perpetuate harm and injustice. Taking up and expanding on the goals of restorative justice such as individual/community accountability,reparation,and non-retributive responses to harm,transformative justice imagines and puts into practice alternatives to the formal,state-based criminal justice system.
Penology is a subfield of criminology that deals with the philosophy and practice of various societies in their attempts to repress criminal activities,and satisfy public opinion via an appropriate treatment regime for persons convicted of criminal offences.
The prison abolition movement is a network of groups and activists that seek to reduce or eliminate prisons and the prison system,and replace them with systems of rehabilitation and education that do not focus on punishment and government institutionalization. The prison abolitionist movement is distinct from conventional prison reform,which is intended to improve conditions inside prisons.
Prison reform is the attempt to improve conditions inside prisons,improve the effectiveness of a penal system,reduce recidivism or implement alternatives to incarceration. It also focuses on ensuring the reinstatement of those whose lives are impacted by crimes.
Articles related to criminology and law enforcement.
Critical Resistance (CR) is a U.S. based organization with the stated goal of abolishing the prison-industrial complex (PIC). Critical Resistance's national office is in Oakland,California,with three additional chapters in New York City,Los Angeles,and Portland,Oregon. Despite claims of being an internationalist organization,CR has not led any abolitionist campaigns outside of the USA,though individual members have built relationships abroad (mostly in the West).
The feminist school of criminology is a school of criminology developed in the late 1960s and into the 1970s as a reaction to the general disregard and discrimination of women in the traditional study of crime. It is the view of the feminist school of criminology that a majority of criminological theories were developed through studies on male subjects and focused on male criminality,and that criminologists often would "add women and stir" rather than develop separate theories on female criminality.
The Institute of Criminology is the criminological research institute within the Faculty of Law at the University of Cambridge. The Institute is one of the oldest criminological research institutes in Europe,and has exerted a strong influence on the development of criminology. Its multidisciplinary teaching and research staff are recruited from the disciplines of law,psychiatry,psychology,and sociology. It is located on the Sidgwick Site in the west of Cambridge,England. The Institute of Criminology building was designed by Allies and Morrison. The Institute is also home to the Radzinowicz Library,which houses the most comprehensive criminology collection in the United Kingdom. The Institute has approximately 50 PhD students,30-40 M.Phil. students,and 200 M.St students. The Institute also offers courses to Cambridge undergraduates,particularly in law,but also in human social and political sciences and in psychology and behavioural sciences.
Jonathan Simon is an American academic,the Lance Robbins Professor of Criminal Justice Law,and the former Associate Dean of the Jurisprudence and Social Policy Program at the UC Berkeley School of Law. Simon’s scholarship concerns the role of crime and criminal justice in governing contemporary societies,risk and the law,and the history of the interdisciplinary study of law. His other interests include criminology;penology;sociology;insurance models of governing risk;governance;the origins and consequences of,and solutions to,the California prison "crisis";parole;prisons;capital punishment;immigration detention;and the warehousing of incarcerated people.
A prison,also known as a jail,gaol,penitentiary,detention center,correction center,correctional facility,remand center,hoosegow,and slammer,is a facility where people are imprisoned under the authority of the state,generally as punishment for various crimes. Authorities most commonly use prisons within a criminal-justice system:people charged with crimes may be imprisoned until their trial;those who have pled or been found guilty of crimes at trial may be sentenced to a specified period of imprisonment.
Punishment and Social Structure (1939),a book written by Georg Rusche and Otto Kirchheimer,is the seminal Marxian analysis of punishment as a social institution. It represents the "most sustained and comprehensive account of punishment to have emerged from within the Marxist tradition" and "succeeds in opening up a whole vista of understanding which simply did not exist before it was written". It is a central text in radical criminology and an influential work in criminological conflict theory,cited as a foundation text in several major textbooks. It offers a broader (macrosociological) level of analysis than many micro-analyses that focus on the atomized and differentiated individual.
Criminology is the interdisciplinary study of crime and deviant behaviour. Criminology is a multidisciplinary field in both the behavioural and social sciences,which draws primarily upon the research of sociologists,political scientists,economists,legal sociologists,psychologists,philosophers,psychiatrists,social workers,biologists,social anthropologists,scholars of law and jurisprudence,as well as the processes that define administration of justice and the criminal justice system.
Justice Action is a not-for-profit community organisation based in Sydney,Australia. Justice Action focuses on abuses of authority in the criminal justice and mental health systems in Australia. Founded in 1979 as Prisoner Action,Justice Action is independent of the Australian government and is funded by voluntary donations and the work of the social enterprise,Breakout Media Communications. Justice Action's coordinator is Brett Collins,an ex-prisoner who began with the organisation in 1979 as co-founder. Alongside Collins,Justice Action is run by a team of interns who are university students in law and other degrees.
Valerie Jenness is an author,researcher,public policy advisor,and professor in the Department of Criminology,Law and Society and in the Department of Sociology at the University of California,Irvine (UCI). Jenness is currently a visiting professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of California,Santa Barbara (UCSB) and prior to that,was a senior visiting scholar at the Institute for Research on Women and Gender at the University of Michigan. Jenness served as dean of the School of Social Ecology from 2009 to 2015 and chair of the Department of Criminology,Law and Society from 2001-2006. Jenness is credited with conducting the first systemic study of transgender women in men's prisons.
Gender-responsive prisons are prisons constructed to provide gender-specific care to incarcerated women. Contemporary sex-based prison programs were presented as a solution to the rapidly increasing number of women in the prison industrial complex and the overcrowding of California's prisons. These programs vary in intent and implementation and are based on the idea that female offenders differ from their male counterparts in their personal histories and pathways to crime. Multi-dimensional programs oriented toward female behaviors are considered by many to be effective in curbing recidivism.
Criminal justice reform seeks to address structural issues in criminal justice systems such as racial profiling,police brutality,overcriminalization,mass incarceration,and recidivism. Criminal justice reform can take place at any point where the criminal justice system intervenes in citizens’lives,including lawmaking,policing,and sentencing.
Norway's criminal justice system focuses on the principles of restorative justice and the rehabilitation of prisoners. Correctional facilities in Norway focus on maintaining custody of the offender and attempting to make them functioning members of society. Norway's prison system is renowned as one of the most effective and humane in the world.
Carceral feminism is a critical term for types of feminism that advocate for enhancing and increasing prison sentences that deal with feminist and gender issues. The term criticises the belief that harsher and longer prison sentences will help work towards solving these issues. The phrase "carceral feminism" was coined by Elizabeth Bernstein,a feminist sociologist,in her 2007 article,"The Sexual Politics of the 'New Abolitionism'". Examining the contemporary anti-trafficking movement in the United States,Bernstein introduced the term to describe a type of feminist activism which casts all forms of sexual labor as sex trafficking. She sees this as a retrograde step,suggesting it erodes the rights of women in the sex industry,and takes the focus off other important feminist issues,and expands the neoliberal agenda.
Fay "Honey" Knopp was an American Quaker minister,peace and civil rights advocate,and prison abolitionist.
